Essay about History of Solar Advancements - 1702 Words

History of Solar Advancements Our sun provides us with a virtually unlimited resource that we have used for centuries in a multiple of ways. We use it to keep us warm, to grow our food and generate millions if kilowatts of electricity. Everyday the sun showers the earth with more potential energy that we produce in that day or even that week. According to the Go Solar Company (1999-2003), †on an acre of land with the sun overhead is receiving more the four thousand horsepower, which is equivalent to a large railroad locomotive, and in less than three days of the same intensity will match the estimated total of all fossil fuels on the earth†. Many of the visionaries I will be talking about explored almost all the renewable energy†¦show more content†¦The architecture used and in many cases was dependant on passive solar heating, which they used in their, buildings, baths and especially homes. The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture. â€Å"They oriented their houses to make u se of the sun during winter, while obscuring its rays during summer †¦ entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC.† (Perlin, 2000). The Greek also used solar radiation in times of war, using reflective mirrors, they would concentrate the sun’s energy on raiding Roman ships, setting their fabric sails up in flame (Solar Energy Sci. 1999). The Romans were the first to use window glass to efficiently capture the heat derived by passive solar heating. A glass window allows the sunlight to come in, but traps the heat, much like your car does when it is parked in the sun. According to John Perlin (2000), passive solar heating was so important that there were laws passed prohibiting the blocking of someone’s solar access. It wasn’t until the 18th century that someone experimented with the heat that accumulates in a glass enclosed space; tanks filled with water were put inside the box that had a glass lid. The glass lid propelled the water to reach very high temperatures, that would other wise be impossible. Water has incredible latent heating potential and this was the basis for the heating system using in the glass-enclosed box. In 1909 William J. Bailey was able to separate the water heating system with a water storageShow MoreRelatedThe Is The Core Principle Behind The Consistency1372 Words   |  6 PagesInnovation is the core principle behind the consistency in energy today. Throughout history, various intellectuals have revolutionized the world through their creative methods of cultivating energy. In recent years, people have witnessed some of the greatest advancements and have reached unprecedented levels in technology. These technological advancements are only possible using energy sources. 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Global Warming And Its Effects - 1571 Words

As global issues today become increasingly controversial, many people are inclined to believe that Global Warming is an issue that can take a backseat to more significant issues that plague today’s society. The information presented throughout my research in regards to the rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers and ice shelves, highly indicates that it cannot. What many Americans fail to realize is that if sea levels continue to rise due to Global Warming, then more than half of Louisiana, Florida, parts of southern California, and the entire eastern coastline would cease to exist. Global Warming, by definition, is the â€Å"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere, generally attributed to the greenhouse†¦show more content†¦[Earth’s temperature is definitely warmer than it was hundreds of years ago, but not for natural reasons]. Gradually the Earth’s surface has become warmer over the last century and most scientists believe that the burning of fossil fuels is responsible for the temperature spike. According to Holli Riebeek, the Education and outreach specialist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Global Warming is happening now, and greenhouse gases are responsible. The burning of fossil fuels causes the release of greenhouse gases, which then become trapped inside our atmosphere and cause Earth’s surface to warm. The greenhouse effect provides a habitable environment for all species on Earth, but [the Earth’s atmosphere now contains more greenhouse gases than ever before1]. The Earth is becoming a more efficient greenhouse, which will eventually cause the Earth to become inhabitable. [The natural causes of the warming of the Earth are too minute to explain how rapid the increase in temperature has been in the past 50 years. Between 1906 and 2005, the Earth’s temperature had risen .3 degrees, but in the last 50 years, the temperature increase rate has almost doubled and is predicted to continually increase] (Riebeek). Contrastingly, despite the knowledge and evidence that greenhouse gases are a large factor of Global Warming, some

Wireless Monitoring of Knee Replacement

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Monitoring of Knee Replacement. Answer: Introduction Because of the expansion in number of peoples and average living time anticipation the quantity of Complete Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries has been ceaselessly expanding. Additionally there is decrease in age at the time when TKA surgery needs to be performed. Subsequently its basic to guarantee process achievement and to get to the actual condition of the implanting knee during the lifespan to lessen the conceivable outcomes of modification surgery and to boost the implantation life span. FEA is the much of the time utilized method to assess the manufactured implantations, fundamentally to explore the impact of force/load application and distinguish delicate locales to stay away from untimely prosthesis disappointment. In the event that FEA adds to develop the life of the implanting orthopedic, different components essentially effect on the lifetime of prosthesis (Akan, 2014). A few diverse manufactured knee implanter outlines are financially accessible however misalignment, prompting knee irregularity, and wearing are still the real purposes behind correction. Forces/Strengths acting specifically on the counterfeit joint influence the knee adjust and prompt bearing surface wear, which is related to prosthesis relaxing, thus affecting the insert lifespan. A standout amongst the greatest influenced parts of counterfeit knee insert is the UHMWPE, because of high powers/forces following up on it and its geometry. Subsequently observing the strain, related to knee irregularity and strengths following up on the prosthesis, could provide assistance on the advancement of new articulating segments, cause a superior comprehension of counterfeit knee mechanics, bolster enhancements on the scientific models which portrays the knee conduct and constitutive materials model, enhance prosthesis arrangement amid surgery and stretch ceaseless criticism for counterfeit knee insert. In this report we exhibit an adaptable MEMS strain-detecting gadget for the checking of burdens/loads following up on a manufactured knee insert/implants until UHMWPE embed (Chou, Swamy, Lewis and Badhe, 2012). The objective of assessing the stress is to assist specialists in matter of arrangement of prosthesis that could enhance the adjustment points of knee and give a subsequent device to support observing the manufactured knee including the warranty for long standing quality of general surgery. In like manner, the checking of strain that is related to burdens following up on the prosthesis can prompt a superior comprehension of counterfeit knee mechanism and support the advancement of new era of insert. The fundamental outline and working guideline of the sensors are introduced and aftereffects of the preparatory seat tests. The assembling procedure depends on polyimide miniaturized scale machining, which permits to adjust the outline and shape of the smaller scale gadgets. The se nsors depend on the structure installed in the UHMWPE side (Davies, 2002). Problem statement The main aim is to keep monitoring of a knee replacement with all its functional requirements like characteristics, mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, electrical properties, manufacturing properties and the testing properties etc. Background and literature review Finite Element Analysis is a powerful way to explore the stress dispersion in different sorts of structures used for designing (Krichen, Ketata and Elgasri, 2006). Here FEA is utilized to research circulation of strain in a manufactured embedded knee and help on gauge strain situation in the ultra-high-sub-atomic weight polyethylene embed or abbreviated as UHMWPE. The CAD model parts are introduced includes the femoral segment, tibial segment, aide pin and the UHMWPE embed. CAD model Parts including the femoral segment (FC), tibial segment (TC), the aide pin, the UHMWPE embed and an UHMWPE embed cross-area portraying the area of the strain sensors Figure: Streamlined 3D CAD model utilized as a part of the FEA Functional requirements Model use Description The monitoring of wireless knee replacement model needs certain things implemented with its physical model in order to work correctly. Characteristics In knee substitutions, steel and plastic components are utilized to supplant a harmed knee with effective torment, more often than not than not from joint infection or harm. There are three types of surgery: midway just takes out a component of one knee, absolute takes out one complete knee, and two-sided is when each knees are supplanted and not using a moment's lengthen (Dorr, Udomkiat, Szenohradszky, Chorn, and Raya, 2002). Error conditions The physical model of the knee replacement will shown an error if any of the parts of model is missing. Limitations In spite of the fact that surveys are generally utilized as a strategy for surveying understanding capacity, their confinements for useful use incorporate reliance on patient consistence and review. Electrical characteristics or performance of knee replacement Description Using far off reception equipment, the insert transmits evolved sensor knowledge to a computer in an intelligible configuration. The twelve stress gages are contribution to a pc, which makes use of a put away adjustment grid to change over the crude strain know-how into 3-D torques and powers concerning the knee (Golovakha, Shishka, Banit, Babich, Tverdovsky, Zabelin, Krasnoperov, and Orlyansky, 2013). Characteristics The micro-miniature, micro-power nature of the far-flung transmitter gadgets and multichannel stress estimation innovation empowered the breakthrough. Batteries are fully worn out by using utilizing a predominant small scale loop throughout the insert to reap vitality from a remotely related replacing field that forces it. The faraway riding loop is secured to the external of the sufferer's skin, some distance from the knee. Error conditions The model will show error and may not work correctly if any of the sensor; therefore for correct working all the sensors and the power system must be working (Jules-Elysee, YaDeau, and Urban, 2008). Limitations The limitations of the electrical characteristics are that in absence of any of the electrical equipment the system will not work properly. Physical/mechanical characteristics or performance Description Knee harm is a ordinary medicinal dilemma. A full comprehension of the kinematics and mechanical properties of knees taking after combination knee arthroplasty repair utilizing patellar substitution versus patellar maintaining surgical procedures is as yet insufficient (Shakespeare, and Kinzel, 2005). Characteristics Outcome uncovered that patellar substitution had little effect on tibiofemoral kinematics, regardless of the fact that the tibia-surface proportionate anxiety extended marginally. By complexity, patellar substitution impacted the patellofemoral joint; patellar interior revolution, outside flip, and usual horizontal interpretation were all multiplied. Moreover, the anxiety appropriation on patellar prostheses was once adjusted, bringing about an increased surface maximal comparable weight on the concerning variety. Furthermore, amid the stroll cycle, we observed that the variety with maximal comparable anxiousness moved its position. At lengthy last, the patellofemoral joint confirmed diminished action solidness. From the point of view of kinematics and mechanics, this paper recommends that patella have to be held amid TKA on the off risk that it is possible (Nadlacan, and Hirst, 2001). Error condition As a noteworthy assisting joint of human progress, the knee is inclined to harm. Ultimately, the fine cure technique for repairing knee articular floor damage is absolute knee arthroplasty, which replaces the articular surface with knee prosthesis, alongside these traces reestablishing knee joint capacities. Limitations The physical model for knee replacement requires two parts PS prosthesis and knee modeling after TKA. Therefore both these parts should be available wherever the model is going to be used. Software characteristics or performance Description Developed aggregate knee arthroplasty comprises of resection of the contaminated articular surfaces of the knee, trailed via reemerging with steel and polyethylene prosthetic constituents. For the correctly selected chronic, the procedure results in gigantic torment help, and likewise more suitable ability and individual satisfaction/ Characteristics The natural knee joint capacities as a mind boggling pivot, almost allowing flexion and expansion additionally allowing flip and floating. The knee joint is made from three compartments: horizontal, natural, and patellofemoral. Damage to the ligament of one or more cubicles probably the final result of osteoarthritis (Slikke, Lummel, Benink, Muller and Busser, 1999), provocative joint infection, vascular corruption, tumors, or intrinsic distortions. Error condition If any of the software is not installed properly or does not have suitable license in that case the system will show an error or the results obtained may not correct. Limitations Notwithstanding the abilities advantages of combination knee arthroplasty, it is an non-obligatory methodology and have to just be viewed after broad trade of the dangers, benefits, and choices. This area surveys ingredients of aggregate knee arthroplasty including preoperative, agent, and postoperative contemplations (Ledger, Shakespeare, and Scaddan, 2005). Testing requirements Description Whether for practicality or accommodation reasons for current, aspect's weak point attempting administrations supply the fundamental knowledge you must approve your system plan. All the units of the model need to be tested before using them into the real model. The faulty units or the units which are not properly working has to be replaced. After the unit testing only they have to be integrated together as a unit and then after the integration also system (model) has to be tested. F all the units of the system are working fine then the system can be deployed and testing is passed else the system needs to be changed. Characteristics Contact weight and dissemination can affect sly affect knee insert put on homes, even as hassle testing is normal in finding out the disengagement and motion resistance of the insert framework (Newman, 2000). Hip wear checking out takes under consideration the estimation of wear premiums between the femoral part and the tibial complement. Factor can perform put on testing in both constrain or uprooting manipulate. Error condition Tibial plate weak spot trying out is carried out via focusing one component of the tibial base-plate and applying a constant sufficiency burden to the unsupported element of the base-plate (Noble, 2000). Limitations Some of the parts which are made of softer materials because of the conductivity issues may fail to pass the mechanical tests. Manufacturing requirements Description In spite of the fact that there are at this time a large range of units of knee inserts available from more than a few numerous makers, there are two most important kinds - one that substitutes for the again cruciate tendon (PCL), a focal tendon that settles the knee joint, and one who extras it (Ong, and Taylor, 2003). Characteristics In light of the powerful utilization of earthenware segments in hip substitution, one maker has built up an inventive insert for the knee. "Be that as it may," Dr. Windsor notes, "we won't comprehend for a long time on the off risk that this will offer any desired standpoint in the knee, which is an altogether distinct sort of joint." The sufferer's measurement, weight, and sex likewise have an orientation on insert alternative. At the same time as soon as there were only a couple sizes available, professionals now have a extra large choice to browse. This comprises a sex particular "woman's knee", which is intended to go well with a lady's smaller bone constitution, certainly on the femur. "This growth mirrors the sample towards editing inserts to accomplish probably the most ultimate outcome, involving solace, ability, and life span," says Dr. Windsor. Error condition Approaching patients could in finding that orthopedists in a couple of health care professional's amenities make use of one and handiest or two various insert frameworks, though, orthopedists at HSS have entry to the frameworks of all the primary orthopedic insert makers. Limitation While knee substitution gadgets have profited various sufferers, countless have caused mischief. Various knee substitution experiences came about considering of unexpected reactions caused with the aid of mixture knee substitution frameworks and materials of knee substitution frameworks. Fabricating organizations at reward face claims from patients who've been harmed via these items. Patients who experience complexities are entreated to document reviews, as these could help the FDA and producers work out whether a knee substitution evaluation is suitable. Deployment requirements Description Generally as in whatever other industry, the therapeutic field is continually advancing their methods, strategies and innovation. Particularly in orthopedics and knee substitution, driving producers tinker with the shape, material and general outline of their knee inserts with the trusts of picking up an edge. The way things are, there's truly no undisputed insert pioneer, so the choice basically comes down to a mix of your needs and your specialist's experience and inclination. Characteristics As you surely are aware, the knee truly moves in ahead and backward motion. There isn't so much one next to the opposite progress, nonetheless it occurs, mainly when you flip and alter course. For that reason, a couple insert makers have begun to create product choices that pivot inwards and out, and likewise pivot. There is no such thing as a predominant contextual analysis accessible to substantiate their instances of terribly higher progress and scope of action, yet the periodic enter from early adopters is with the aid of all bills positive (Porteous and Bartlett, 2003). Surely, the specific test can be a person with a traditional insert on one knee and a rotational model on the other. There easily are not a giant measure of folks in that camp, so it truly comes right down to your professional and their involvement with pivoting inserts. On the off threat that they've had just right fortunes with them previously and you are honestly dynamic, turning inserts perhaps a possibility for you. Error condition For a giant size of time, inserts got here within the institutionalized sizes for each guys and females. There was a late pattern to make specific units for each sex, in spite of everything. Basically, producers fairly modify the relative size and side of every section to oblige for the anatomical contrasts between genders. Most likely as with the rotational inserts, there truly is not ample information to offer the excessive ground to sexual orientation specific inserts. It real takes many years to begin to wholly realize the short and lengthy haul success rates of latest embed. Limitations With every one of the alternatives available in the market (and, trust me, that is simplest the tip of the chunk of ice), it's problematic to impartially analyze all of them, notwithstanding for gurus. There's doubtlessly knee insert makers will do the whole thing without exception to stand separated from the team, so a decent quantity of the fresher, "gotta have" items are obviously extra promoting buildup than something, so tread precisely. Support/maintenance requirements Description Knee substitution surgery has superior vastly over the time of a couple of a long time in light of superior ways, more suitable substances and more advantageous comprehension of knee physiology and function. More potent and sturdy knee substitution has bigly affected scientific practice (Wirth and Kohn, 1994). GPs have got to understand anything of the advances that have been made moreover how scientific apply has modified as a result, chiefly in the territory of sufferer evaluation and option for surgical procedure. GPs have got to have the ability to respect ordinary from irregular advancement after surgical procedure. There are greater than a hundred and fifty knee substitution plans available. Selection of prosthesis depends on upon countless variables. Characteristics The point of knee substitution is to supplant the insufficient joint surfaces with low-grinding simulated surfaces. The first-rate capacity and effect are, most often, finished by means of reestablishing mechanical association and smooth tissue equalization (Victor, 1996). These, with more energizing plans, mean exploiting support from back cruciate tendon and assurance tendons. Segments are composed in order that steel expresses with plastic. Entire prosthesis now weighs just around 500 to 600g. Error condition If the weight of the knee exceeds 600 g after manufacturing then it will not be good practice to implant such a heavy knee. Limitations The most important signs are torment and loss of potential. Be that as it may, the evaluation of those is perplexing and it's difficult to symbolize an affordable agreement between surgeons (Michnik, JurkojĆ¡, Tejszerska and Rycerski, 2006). selection for surgical procedure need to check seriousness of manifestations, the blend or incorporated have an impact on of those side results and the sufferer's idea to proceed. Quality requirements Description In 2015, greater than 500,000 Medicare recipients received a hip or knee substitution, costing greater than $8 billion for the hospitalizations on my own. The great and fee of administer to these surgeries fluctuates altogether by means of area and by health practitioner's facility. That is exact each for the respect received throughout the medication middle and for publish-excessive consideration received outside the sanatorium amid the elemental time of restoration. To a confined extent, this style is considering of the way Medicare pays for this consideration at present unfolds amongst quite a lot of suppliers, without a single substance viewed in charge for the mixture sufferer expertise. Hence, care can be divided, prompting detrimental results. Characteristics Increasing on lessons won from CMS's past and current packaged installment units, the CJR model tries to incentivize Medicare suppliers and suppliers to cooperate to enhance the exceptional and decrease the bills of watch over patients experiencing cut back furthest point joint substitution methodology. Underneath the CJR model, which has been subtle and concluded in the wake of considering that about 400 remarks, the intense consideration medication facility where the LEJR manner happens will be liable for whole Medicare consumptions and the final nature of related consideration, equipped by way of any provider or supplier, from the season of the surgery via 90 days after clinic release. We signify this period because the CJR scene of consideration. Error condition Contingent upon the member physician's facility's great and whole spending execution amid the CJR scene, the medication center may get an additional installment from Medicare, orstarting in 12 months 2 of the modelcould have got to reimburse Medicare for a part of the scene spending if spending surpasses objectives built up for the model. Therefore, surgeon's services will have to work with doctors and submit-intense consideration suppliers, for example, dwelling health workplaces and talented nursing places of work, to warranty sufferers get the planned consideration they require. The CJR model makes impetuses that empower joint effort amongst medication facilities, doctors and special clinicians, and submit-severe suppliers, as we trust this coordinated effort shall be important to fulfillment. Engagement with sufferers and consideration arranging will likewise be normal to success. Limitation The CJR mannequin incentivizes the conveyance of tremendous, throughout facilitated, productive consideration over the entire scene of consideration. On the point when a remedy facility incorporated into the mannequin releases a patient after an inpatient affirmation for a LEJR procedure, the clinic is dependable for the fee and nature of consideration outfitted to that sufferer for 90 days. The model difficulties clinics and special suppliers to arrange and organize precisely the respect they offer in a method that great addresses the greater part of the patient's problems. Project matrices and reporting Hip and knee substitutions are usually essentially the most commonly recognized surgeries that Medicare recipients get. The great handle Joint substitute installment mannequin CMS is declaring today proposes to do not forget clinics accountable for the character of consideration they deliver to Medicare rate for-administration recipients for hip and knee substitutions from surgical procedure via restoration. This proposition encourages the institution's dedication to vary our wellness framework to bring higher quality care and spend our medicinal services greenbacks smarter. "We are occupied with altering our medicinal services framework to pay for first-rate over quantity, with the goal that we spend our bucks the entire extra astutely and enhance nurture sufferers," mentioned well being and Human services Secretary Sylvia M. Burwell. "at present, we're stepping to increase the nature of tend to the a tremendous number of Americans who have hip and knee substitutions through Medicare always. By means of targeting scenes of consideration, versus a piecemeal framework, healing centers and medical professionals have an impetus to cooperate to convey extra strong and robust consideration. This mannequin will incentivize furnishing sufferers with the correct care the primary run via and discovering better tactics to support them recoup comfortably. It's going to compensate suppliers and gurus for serving to sufferers get and keep sound. Furthermore, it's what we hear that numerous specialists and suppliers want to have the ability to give the most perfect c onsideration to their sufferers." Contingent upon the health care provider's facility's first-rate and price execution amid the scene, the healing middle may get one more installment or be required to reimburse Medicare for a bit of the scene expenses (Fedricks, 2010). Consequently, doctor's amenities would have a motivating drive to work with doctors, dwelling health offices, and nursing offices to be certain recipients get the deliberate consideration they require, with the target of diminishing avoidable hospitalizations and difficulties. Healthcare professional's facilities would get instruments , for instance, spending and usage information and sharing of fine practices - to increase the viability of consideration coordination. Discussion Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure used to reestablish capacity to a joint, most often the knee and hip, after it has been bargained with the aid of joint irritation. An orthopedic specialist restores the harmed knee and additions a steel or plastic phase to top the finishes of the bones that body the knee joint. Study outcome indicated 88 percentages of patients got here again to duty after surgery. "With one of a kind organizations, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, i'm conscious of the requests placed on our administration members in the fight zone," Gerlinger instructed FoxNews.Com. "Patients are much less tolerant of motion limitations now than they ever were, therefore more youthful and more youthful patients are searching out an answer for his or her problem of interminable knee or hip discomfort," he stated. In this work, we showed a polyimide based MEMS strain-distinguishing contraptions for checking knee embed/inserts. All through the design method, FEA showing results were used to improve contraption course of action inside a fake knee section. The PI-based development is suitable for biomedical applications and can give a gigantic cost advantage since it doesn't surmise changes on current prosthesis. Conclusion Here a polymer-based strain-distinguishing device was created for watching a fake knee embed/insert. The test data displays the sensor is prepared for measuring the strain identified with the total center point qualities connected on the UHMWPE install in the extent of approximately 4 times estimation of the body weight with a tolerable affectability and accuracy for events happening inside 1 s time. This contraption has been proposed to screen the total weight and fundamental alterations on the strain-sensor arrangement can allow the estimations of forces in each individual compartment of the UHMWPE install, mulling over the checking of brief fake knee balance. Distinctive changes can be in like manner made on the layout to allow the estimation of other force fragments and temperature checking, to analyze the effect of different activities, for instance, walking and cycling, on the addition/insert wear rate. Improvements on the sensors diagram and packaging, furthermore extending the amount of strain-sensors on the device can allow the mapping of strain in various ranges of energy for the UHMWPE. The littler scale little, scaled down scale power nature of their remote transmitter equipment and creative multi-channel strain estimation advancement has engaged this jump forward. Batteries are completely discarded by using a crucial littler than common circle inside the supplement/insert, to gather imperativeness from a remotely associated trading field, which controls the addition/insert. The remote controlling circle is secured to the outside of the patient's shin, a long way from the area knee. Using a remote gathering mechanical assembly, t he addition/insert transmits modernized sensor data to a PC in a significant association. The twelve strain gages are commitment to a PC, which uses a set away modification network to change over the unrefined strain data into 3-D torques and qualities about the knee. References Akan, B. (2014). Outcomes for revision total knee replacement after unicompartmental knee replacement. Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica, 48(4), pp.419-423. Chou, D., Swamy, G., Lewis, J. and Badhe, N. (2012). Revision of failed unicompartmental knee replacement to total knee replacement. The Knee, 19(4), pp.356-359. Davies, A. (2002). Rating systems for total knee replacement. The Knee, 9(4), pp.261-266. Dorr, L., Udomkiat, P., Szenohradszky, J., Chorn, R. and Raya, J. (2002). Intraoperative Monitoring for Safety of Bilateral Total Knee Replacement. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 396, pp.142-151. Golovakha, M., Shishka, I., Banit, O., Babich, Y., Tverdovsky, A., Zabelin, I., Krasnoperov, S. and Orlyansky, V. (2013). Comparative analysis of remote results of high corrective osteotomy of the tibia and unicondylar knee replacement in medial gonarthrosis., 0(1), p.20. Jules-Elysee, K., YaDeau, J. and Urban, M. (2008). Pulmonary Artery Versus Central Venous Catheter Monitoring in the Outcome of Patients Undergoing Bilateral Total Knee Replacement. HSS Journal, 5(1), pp.27-30. Krichen, A., Ketata, H. and Elgasri, S. (2006). Visualisation of tibiofemoral contact in total knee replacement using optical device. The Knee, 13(3), pp.226-230. Ledger, M., Shakespeare, D. and Scaddan, M. (2005). Accuracy of patellar resection in total knee replacement. The Knee, 12(1), pp.13-19. Michnik, R., JurkojĆ¡, J., Tejszerska, D. and Rycerski, W. (2006). Monitoring of rehabilitation progress with the help of the mathematical modelling dedicated to patients after hip and knee replacement. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, p.S93. Nadlacan, L. and Hirst, P. (2001). Infected total knee replacement following a dental procedure in a severe haemophiliac. The Knee, 8(2), pp.159-161. Newman, J. (2000). Unicompartmental knee replacement. The Knee, 7(2), pp.63-70. Noble, J. (2000). Should the patella be resurfaced at total knee replacement?. The Knee, 7(4), pp.199-204. Ong, S. and Taylor, G. (2003). Can knee position save blood following total knee replacement?. The Knee, 10(1), pp.81-85. Porteous, A. and Bartlett, R. (2003). Post-operative drainage after cemented, hybrid and uncemented total knee replacement. The Knee, 10(4), pp.371-374. Fedricks, R. (2010), Primary and Advanced Knee Replacement. The Knee, 13(6), p.484. Shakespeare, D. and Kinzel, V. (2005). Rehabilitation after total knee replacement. The Knee, 12(3), pp.185-189. Shakespeare, D., Ledger, M. and Kinzel, V. (2006). Flexion after total knee replacement. The Knee, 13(5), pp.371-373. van der Slikke, R., van Lummel, R., Benink, R., Muller, J. and Busser, H. (1999). A new method for evaluating knee replacement using ambulatory monitoring in a standardised ADL test. Gait Posture, 10(1), p.68. Victor, J. (1996). Unicompartmental versus total knee replacement for unicompartmental arthrosis of the knee. The Knee, 3(3), p.163. Wirth, C. and Kohn, D. (1994). Meniscal replacement and transplantation. The Knee, 1(3), pp.178-179.

Marketing Management Market Orientation Methods

Question: Describe about the Marketing Management for Market Orientation Methods. Answer: Introduction According to Doole and Lowe (2012), Marketing management is the process which an organization follows that focuses on the application of market orientation, methods , and management of marketing resources . Organizations that operate on an international level are quite keen on developing a marketing management plan, as it would analyse the companys position and the ways of enhancing the position of the company. Marketing helps the organization to identify its potential customer base and create specific customer segment, and launch embattled promotional and advertising campaigns(Ferrell and Hartline 2012). Marketing strategy portrays a road map for the organization regarding the process of marketing and includes various other elements which helps in the enhancement of the company. In this report, a case study on HSBC bank is done, that would give a detailed structure regarding the marketing strategies of the company. Information regarding the companies activities in considered, along with its market environment. PORTER AND PESTEL analysis is conducted in order to know about the micro and macro factors of the environment in which the company prevails (Fifield 2012). Marketing strategy and marketing mix plan of the company is analysed to get a knowledge regarding the objectives of the company. In the end recommendations are made to help the company to from a strong base in Australia. Background Of The Company According to HSBC.com. (2016), HSBC is a multinational banking and financial service corporation that has its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is considered as the fourth largest bank. Its total assets are of us$2.67 trillion. It was established by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation limited to act as a new group holding company. HSBC has 7500 offices in 87 countries all over the world. It is spread widely with around 220,000 shareholders among 124 countries. It provides a range of services like personal financial services, commercial banking, market private banking and investment banking. The bank is mainly operated in Hong Kong, Asia Pacific region, Europe, Australia and America. Being on the fourth position with respect to its assets, almost 22% of its profits are derived from Hong Kong. It has been termed as the worlds local bank. It has been successful in understanding the important and function of different market all the way through the skill gained in international trade. HSBC being a global company has greatest respect for different companies . Their motto is to provide personalised services and aid to its customers that fits the specific needs. Within Australia, HSBC has a chain of 25 branches as well as other direct channels. The growth of the company is relatively slow in Australia compared the other countries. Most of the population is mainly focussed at the domestic banks of the country. HSBC needs an extensive framework of marketing strategies and implementation of those plans in order to expand its market share in the country Market Segmentation As stated by Gilligan and Hird (2012), a market segment for an organization must be conducted in order to achieve the attributes of accessibility, measurability, profitability and large size. If the chosen segment fulfills all these attributes, then creation of that segment must be considered. For a banking and financial institution like HSBC, 75% of its customer base is derived from the commercial banking in Australia. In retail banking sector, HSBC has to compete with various other banks such as commonwealth bank, ANZ bank, Westpac, Bendigo bank, etc. In Australia 77 % of teh resident assets are done by the four major domestic bank of teh country. HSBC stands at a position with only 13.4% (Ryle et al. 2015). The current need of the hour is that HSBC needs to understand that there are various segments in the country than can be created by keeping in mind the core competency and accordingly creating the segment (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). As it eh case of commercial banking, the domestic banks have already taken its toll, HSBC must pay attention to the retail banking sector. HSBC must focus on the age group which includes people who are just freshers, out of college or into new jobs or have entered into a business entrepreneurship. Even though the net count of these customers, would not be high, yet they would spend more in comparison with the higher age group. These is a great scope to expand their credit card services. Hence, these customers are targeted as potential customers (Hollensen 2015). Market Targeting As stated by Westwood (2013), based on the segmentation done, HSBC must target the segment including the people of age group 18 to 35 years. The segmentation done must be divided into two sub sections, where one part would be the people who are interested in the basic requirements of personal banking services, whereas, the other section could be interested in other products such as personal banks, mutual funds, personal finances, etc. Hence, in accordance with the subsections made among the segments, HSBC must target the customers. Market Positioning Positioning HSBC would be considered as an important element to decide the success or failure of the extension plan. In Australia, HSBC has a collective share of only 17%, which shows that it has a long way to go in order to establish its position and declare itself as a powerful banking institution. Local factors and old beliefs have positioned the domestic banks of the country as more reliable and easily accessible institution than the other international banks (Kotler et al. 2015). Therefore, it is important for HSBC to focus on positioning itself as a successful bank with a powerful brand name. HSBC needs to invoke its international exposure and innovative and influential banking products in order to convince the target customers. Macro Factors According to Anton (2015), PESTEL analysis is aimed at determining how an organization would get affected by the macro factors of the environment. It helps to develop the business strategies, by analysing various macro factors. Political : HSBC being a multinational company, has been controlled by various laws and regulations prepared by different governments of different countries where they are operating. The organization has been maintaining the policies made by each government which further ensures the stability and successful completion of business operations of HSBC (Yksel 2012). Economical : HSBC has been able to secure a successful economic strength in the field of banking and finance. In spite of the dangers that the company faces in various parts of the world, a good administration base of the company helps it to go beyond the struggles. It enables the company to attain an equipped economic condition and create a guard against unemployment (Riasi 2015). Social : HSBC is highly influenced by the social conditions of different places. The primary aim of the company is to provide service to every society in order to provide them with facilities of the resources by HSBC. The company aims at getting a good name among the customers so that it assures that everything will be under control and customary (Ghosal 2013). Technological: the emergent of upgraded versions of technology and internet effects the working of HSBC in the past years. The company integrates the upliftment in technology and efficiently communicates with its customers globally. Except these, HSBC also uses some advanced techniques that helps the company to raise their advancement in production and operations. It makes it easier to achieve their goal. Environmental: HSBC acknowledges variations in governments challenging organizations to reduce their carbon footprints. HSBC has been dedicated to reduce its own carbon footprints by reducing waste, transport emissions and improve energy efficiency. Legal : increase in government regulation from the European Union, increments in capital necessities and as well as new anti-money laundering requirements means that HSBC deals with legal compliance that is costly and time consuming. Micro Factors Micro factors of HSBC have been analysed using the porters five forces. It is designed to help the financial professionals and other managers in order to determine the influential factors. Potential entrants : HSBC has many competitors in Australia from the other international banks that are or have planned to penetrate into the country. In spite of receiving threats from the market, HSBC was still able to set high standards for competition. HSBC supports a strong branding image and as it does not have any fear from loss of customers. Bargaining power of customers : HSBC has formed a value that has influenced the occupation from one of the two important forces customers power. HSBC has managed its customers as a result of allowing the company to gain customer faithfulness. This provides the company of getting a chance if being a leader in the banking industry (Peck et al. 2013). Threat of substitutes : an important threat faced by HSBC is the threat from its competitors new products and services. This threat increases the urge in the organization to work hard in order to influence their position. HSBC has created four sections to focus on various customer strategies. This would help the company to understand the problems and satisfy the customers more efficiently. Bargaining power of suppliers : the power provided to the customer mirror to the supplier power. This lays emphasis on two important points, one is the size and concentration whereas the other is differentiation of the materials being supplied. HSBC uses the strategy of price discrimination in accordance with the difference it the price paid by each buyer . Rivalry among current competitors : there are many competitors of the banking and financial sector. HSBC uses competent strategy to maintain the control among them. As the rivals of HSBC are capable enough to raise their standards at par with HSBC, therefore, HSBC plans various strategies to confirm that they are the first choice of the clients. Consumer Perceptions and Behaviour Consumers perception towards a brand plays a major role in doing judgement for a product. Hence, it becomes important for an organization to understand the marketing strategy and analyse consumers perception towards that particular product. HSBC has to set up a business of foreign bank in Australia. Australia already has well known and successful domestic banks, that has 77% of the assets of the country. HSBC has transformed its identity from being a finance based organization towards a banking organization. However, a lot needs to be done in order to acquire the desired position in such a well advanced country. Various survey results shows that a larger part of the country, still has a firm belief over the domestic banks of the country, rather than the international banks. The factor that drives the force against HSBC is brand perception, and accessibility to the bank. Many people are of the opinion that HSBC is more engrossed in commercial and financial aspects of banking. This perception is due to the fact, that back in 1960s, HSBC had stated its business in Australia as a financial organization. Hence, some of the customers still hesitate in preferring HSBC as their personal bank (Liu, Liu and Zhang 2014). Another important aspect of customer behaviour is the preference given to banks which are easily accessible. In the world of internet banking, there are huge number of people who prefer banks to be easily accessible. In this context, domestic banks of Australia have a greater advantage over HSBC. The branches of HSBC is quite low in comparison with the domestic banks of Australia. This is another reason for the lack of personal banking customers of HSBC in Australia (Pavlou and Stewart 2015). It is quite crucial for HSBC to change the perception of the countrymen. In order to do so, hsbc need to portray their brand a completely an Australian unit rather than a subsidiary brand. Secondly, HSBC must plan to open new branches in commercial as well as in residential areas. This will help in grabbing the attention of the local people of Australia. Marketing Mix Marketing for the financial and banking services poses different challenges for the company. marketing mix aims at providing a descriptive analysis on the product, price , place and promotional activities of the organization. (Hassan and Craft 2012). Product The products is considered as the main element in a companys marketing strategy. Poorly designed service products are not successful in generating any value for the customers. The primary aim of the product is to create a unique service that would comparatively offer more service to the customers than the competitors of the bank. The product must be efficient enough to satisfy the wants of the customers. Keeping all the details and needs in mind, HSBC has prepared various unique featured products, such as : Prepaid card : HSBC has planned to launch two prepaid cards namely HSBCs financial manager and HSBCs budget manager. The financial manager manages the spending money of the customer by transferring the spending money of the bank account into the card. The budget manager has a smaller annual load than the financial manager. The new system of prepaid cards are free from any kind of fee and it offers the same flexibility equivalent to the debit and credit cards. Real Time Balance Alerts : real time balance alerts are sent to every client of HSBC after every transactions made. It updates the client regarding the amount transacted and the balance that remains in the balance. Online Banking : HSBC manages flexibility in assessing the customers financial possessions. The clients can access the official website of HSBC and set standing orders on the amount of money to load onto the budget every month. It implements efficiency in the function and thereby reduces effort of the customers (Pealoza , Toulouse and Visconti 2013). Optional Savings Account : as stated by Taleghani et al. (2012), bank customers who pay more than a certain limit at regular intervals, qualify for HSBCs current account advance. It can be used to make regular payments or standing orders from the customers current account to save certain amount every month. This characteristics is ideal for the clients who have fixed income. Price According to Rothaermel (2015), the pricing policy of the products of HSBC must be efficient in nature as they have to look after two components. At first it must be able to attract the customers towards itself and secondly, it must be able to generate revenue for the company. There are five main components to influence the pricing decisions of a company maximisation of profit , survival, social considerations, market share maximisation, and personal objectives. It is quite unlikely that any increase in the interest rate would attract the clients, hence, there must be a base lending rate that provides the minimum revenue for banks and financial institutions. There must be also a fixed prepaid card fee. If the customers save money in order to gin the facilitates of the customers current account, the that proves to be highly beneficial for the bank to raise capital. Place The place element is very deals with the delivery of the product to its customers either physically or by using appropriate methods. Failure in making a service product available trot eh customer would result in failure , regardless of how good the product was. HSBC has an extensive branch network and also user affable internet banking system (Stites 2015). Promotion As per Marshall (2014), Promotion element depend son the efficient communication system followed by the company with its clients. The main objectives of promotion is to gain clients, provide additional information regarding the products to the clients and to persuade the clients to buy the product. Advertising, newspapers, magazines, social medias and outdoor promotions must be undertaken by the company to enhance promotions of their products. Press release, brochures and posters are also effective to grab the attention of customers in order to persuade them. Recommendation The above marketing strategies give a clear view of how HSBC could achieve major success in the Australian banking industry. Currently Australia is domination by its domestic banks with a total share of 77%. The analysis shows that there is great scope for HSBC to spread in the country and expand its services. HSBC should emphasize on providing high quality customer service and secured banking service to the people. In the current situation, any organization that can provide high end services and facilities to its customers can survive in the market. HSBC needs to integrate its products, customer services and overall business and pricing strategy in such a way that it seems expedient and favourable to the people. References Anton, Roman (2015). "An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis." (2015): 21-26. Doole, I., and Lowe, R. 2012.International marketing strategy. Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O. C., and Hartline, M. 2012.Marketing Strategy, Text and Cases. Cengage Learning. Fifield, P. 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. Ghosal, S. N. 2013. 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