Essay about History of Solar Advancements - 1702 Words

History of Solar Advancements Our sun provides us with a virtually unlimited resource that we have used for centuries in a multiple of ways. We use it to keep us warm, to grow our food and generate millions if kilowatts of electricity. Everyday the sun showers the earth with more potential energy that we produce in that day or even that week. According to the Go Solar Company (1999-2003), †on an acre of land with the sun overhead is receiving more the four thousand horsepower, which is equivalent to a large railroad locomotive, and in less than three days of the same intensity will match the estimated total of all fossil fuels on the earth†. Many of the visionaries I will be talking about explored almost all the renewable energy†¦show more content†¦The architecture used and in many cases was dependant on passive solar heating, which they used in their, buildings, baths and especially homes. The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture. â€Å"They oriented their houses to make u se of the sun during winter, while obscuring its rays during summer †¦ entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC.† (Perlin, 2000). The Greek also used solar radiation in times of war, using reflective mirrors, they would concentrate the sun’s energy on raiding Roman ships, setting their fabric sails up in flame (Solar Energy Sci. 1999). The Romans were the first to use window glass to efficiently capture the heat derived by passive solar heating. A glass window allows the sunlight to come in, but traps the heat, much like your car does when it is parked in the sun. According to John Perlin (2000), passive solar heating was so important that there were laws passed prohibiting the blocking of someone’s solar access. It wasn’t until the 18th century that someone experimented with the heat that accumulates in a glass enclosed space; tanks filled with water were put inside the box that had a glass lid. The glass lid propelled the water to reach very high temperatures, that would other wise be impossible. Water has incredible latent heating potential and this was the basis for the heating system using in the glass-enclosed box. In 1909 William J. Bailey was able to separate the water heating system with a water storageShow MoreRelatedThe Is The Core Principle Behind The Consistency1372 Words   |  6 PagesInnovation is the core principle behind the consistency in energy today. Throughout history, various intellectuals have revolutionized the world through their creative methods of cultivating energy. In recent years, people have witnessed some of the greatest advancements and have reached unprecedented levels in technology. These technological advancements are only possible using energy sources. 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Global Warming And Its Effects - 1571 Words

As global issues today become increasingly controversial, many people are inclined to believe that Global Warming is an issue that can take a backseat to more significant issues that plague today’s society. The information presented throughout my research in regards to the rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers and ice shelves, highly indicates that it cannot. What many Americans fail to realize is that if sea levels continue to rise due to Global Warming, then more than half of Louisiana, Florida, parts of southern California, and the entire eastern coastline would cease to exist. Global Warming, by definition, is the â€Å"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere, generally attributed to the greenhouse†¦show more content†¦[Earth’s temperature is definitely warmer than it was hundreds of years ago, but not for natural reasons]. Gradually the Earth’s surface has become warmer over the last century and most scientists believe that the burning of fossil fuels is responsible for the temperature spike. According to Holli Riebeek, the Education and outreach specialist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Global Warming is happening now, and greenhouse gases are responsible. The burning of fossil fuels causes the release of greenhouse gases, which then become trapped inside our atmosphere and cause Earth’s surface to warm. The greenhouse effect provides a habitable environment for all species on Earth, but [the Earth’s atmosphere now contains more greenhouse gases than ever before1]. The Earth is becoming a more efficient greenhouse, which will eventually cause the Earth to become inhabitable. [The natural causes of the warming of the Earth are too minute to explain how rapid the increase in temperature has been in the past 50 years. Between 1906 and 2005, the Earth’s temperature had risen .3 degrees, but in the last 50 years, the temperature increase rate has almost doubled and is predicted to continually increase] (Riebeek). Contrastingly, despite the knowledge and evidence that greenhouse gases are a large factor of Global Warming, some

Wireless Monitoring of Knee Replacement

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Monitoring of Knee Replacement. Answer: Introduction Because of the expansion in number of peoples and average living time anticipation the quantity of Complete Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries has been ceaselessly expanding. Additionally there is decrease in age at the time when TKA surgery needs to be performed. Subsequently its basic to guarantee process achievement and to get to the actual condition of the implanting knee during the lifespan to lessen the conceivable outcomes of modification surgery and to boost the implantation life span. FEA is the much of the time utilized method to assess the manufactured implantations, fundamentally to explore the impact of force/load application and distinguish delicate locales to stay away from untimely prosthesis disappointment. In the event that FEA adds to develop the life of the implanting orthopedic, different components essentially effect on the lifetime of prosthesis (Akan, 2014). A few diverse manufactured knee implanter outlines are financially accessible however misalignment, prompting knee irregularity, and wearing are still the real purposes behind correction. Forces/Strengths acting specifically on the counterfeit joint influence the knee adjust and prompt bearing surface wear, which is related to prosthesis relaxing, thus affecting the insert lifespan. A standout amongst the greatest influenced parts of counterfeit knee insert is the UHMWPE, because of high powers/forces following up on it and its geometry. Subsequently observing the strain, related to knee irregularity and strengths following up on the prosthesis, could provide assistance on the advancement of new articulating segments, cause a superior comprehension of counterfeit knee mechanics, bolster enhancements on the scientific models which portrays the knee conduct and constitutive materials model, enhance prosthesis arrangement amid surgery and stretch ceaseless criticism for counterfeit knee insert. In this report we exhibit an adaptable MEMS strain-detecting gadget for the checking of burdens/loads following up on a manufactured knee insert/implants until UHMWPE embed (Chou, Swamy, Lewis and Badhe, 2012). The objective of assessing the stress is to assist specialists in matter of arrangement of prosthesis that could enhance the adjustment points of knee and give a subsequent device to support observing the manufactured knee including the warranty for long standing quality of general surgery. In like manner, the checking of strain that is related to burdens following up on the prosthesis can prompt a superior comprehension of counterfeit knee mechanism and support the advancement of new era of insert. The fundamental outline and working guideline of the sensors are introduced and aftereffects of the preparatory seat tests. The assembling procedure depends on polyimide miniaturized scale machining, which permits to adjust the outline and shape of the smaller scale gadgets. The se nsors depend on the structure installed in the UHMWPE side (Davies, 2002). Problem statement The main aim is to keep monitoring of a knee replacement with all its functional requirements like characteristics, mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, electrical properties, manufacturing properties and the testing properties etc. Background and literature review Finite Element Analysis is a powerful way to explore the stress dispersion in different sorts of structures used for designing (Krichen, Ketata and Elgasri, 2006). Here FEA is utilized to research circulation of strain in a manufactured embedded knee and help on gauge strain situation in the ultra-high-sub-atomic weight polyethylene embed or abbreviated as UHMWPE. The CAD model parts are introduced includes the femoral segment, tibial segment, aide pin and the UHMWPE embed. CAD model Parts including the femoral segment (FC), tibial segment (TC), the aide pin, the UHMWPE embed and an UHMWPE embed cross-area portraying the area of the strain sensors Figure: Streamlined 3D CAD model utilized as a part of the FEA Functional requirements Model use Description The monitoring of wireless knee replacement model needs certain things implemented with its physical model in order to work correctly. Characteristics In knee substitutions, steel and plastic components are utilized to supplant a harmed knee with effective torment, more often than not than not from joint infection or harm. There are three types of surgery: midway just takes out a component of one knee, absolute takes out one complete knee, and two-sided is when each knees are supplanted and not using a moment's lengthen (Dorr, Udomkiat, Szenohradszky, Chorn, and Raya, 2002). Error conditions The physical model of the knee replacement will shown an error if any of the parts of model is missing. Limitations In spite of the fact that surveys are generally utilized as a strategy for surveying understanding capacity, their confinements for useful use incorporate reliance on patient consistence and review. Electrical characteristics or performance of knee replacement Description Using far off reception equipment, the insert transmits evolved sensor knowledge to a computer in an intelligible configuration. The twelve stress gages are contribution to a pc, which makes use of a put away adjustment grid to change over the crude strain know-how into 3-D torques and powers concerning the knee (Golovakha, Shishka, Banit, Babich, Tverdovsky, Zabelin, Krasnoperov, and Orlyansky, 2013). Characteristics The micro-miniature, micro-power nature of the far-flung transmitter gadgets and multichannel stress estimation innovation empowered the breakthrough. Batteries are fully worn out by using utilizing a predominant small scale loop throughout the insert to reap vitality from a remotely related replacing field that forces it. The faraway riding loop is secured to the external of the sufferer's skin, some distance from the knee. Error conditions The model will show error and may not work correctly if any of the sensor; therefore for correct working all the sensors and the power system must be working (Jules-Elysee, YaDeau, and Urban, 2008). Limitations The limitations of the electrical characteristics are that in absence of any of the electrical equipment the system will not work properly. Physical/mechanical characteristics or performance Description Knee harm is a ordinary medicinal dilemma. A full comprehension of the kinematics and mechanical properties of knees taking after combination knee arthroplasty repair utilizing patellar substitution versus patellar maintaining surgical procedures is as yet insufficient (Shakespeare, and Kinzel, 2005). Characteristics Outcome uncovered that patellar substitution had little effect on tibiofemoral kinematics, regardless of the fact that the tibia-surface proportionate anxiety extended marginally. By complexity, patellar substitution impacted the patellofemoral joint; patellar interior revolution, outside flip, and usual horizontal interpretation were all multiplied. Moreover, the anxiety appropriation on patellar prostheses was once adjusted, bringing about an increased surface maximal comparable weight on the concerning variety. Furthermore, amid the stroll cycle, we observed that the variety with maximal comparable anxiousness moved its position. At lengthy last, the patellofemoral joint confirmed diminished action solidness. From the point of view of kinematics and mechanics, this paper recommends that patella have to be held amid TKA on the off risk that it is possible (Nadlacan, and Hirst, 2001). Error condition As a noteworthy assisting joint of human progress, the knee is inclined to harm. Ultimately, the fine cure technique for repairing knee articular floor damage is absolute knee arthroplasty, which replaces the articular surface with knee prosthesis, alongside these traces reestablishing knee joint capacities. Limitations The physical model for knee replacement requires two parts PS prosthesis and knee modeling after TKA. Therefore both these parts should be available wherever the model is going to be used. Software characteristics or performance Description Developed aggregate knee arthroplasty comprises of resection of the contaminated articular surfaces of the knee, trailed via reemerging with steel and polyethylene prosthetic constituents. For the correctly selected chronic, the procedure results in gigantic torment help, and likewise more suitable ability and individual satisfaction/ Characteristics The natural knee joint capacities as a mind boggling pivot, almost allowing flexion and expansion additionally allowing flip and floating. The knee joint is made from three compartments: horizontal, natural, and patellofemoral. Damage to the ligament of one or more cubicles probably the final result of osteoarthritis (Slikke, Lummel, Benink, Muller and Busser, 1999), provocative joint infection, vascular corruption, tumors, or intrinsic distortions. Error condition If any of the software is not installed properly or does not have suitable license in that case the system will show an error or the results obtained may not correct. Limitations Notwithstanding the abilities advantages of combination knee arthroplasty, it is an non-obligatory methodology and have to just be viewed after broad trade of the dangers, benefits, and choices. This area surveys ingredients of aggregate knee arthroplasty including preoperative, agent, and postoperative contemplations (Ledger, Shakespeare, and Scaddan, 2005). Testing requirements Description Whether for practicality or accommodation reasons for current, aspect's weak point attempting administrations supply the fundamental knowledge you must approve your system plan. All the units of the model need to be tested before using them into the real model. The faulty units or the units which are not properly working has to be replaced. After the unit testing only they have to be integrated together as a unit and then after the integration also system (model) has to be tested. F all the units of the system are working fine then the system can be deployed and testing is passed else the system needs to be changed. Characteristics Contact weight and dissemination can affect sly affect knee insert put on homes, even as hassle testing is normal in finding out the disengagement and motion resistance of the insert framework (Newman, 2000). Hip wear checking out takes under consideration the estimation of wear premiums between the femoral part and the tibial complement. Factor can perform put on testing in both constrain or uprooting manipulate. Error condition Tibial plate weak spot trying out is carried out via focusing one component of the tibial base-plate and applying a constant sufficiency burden to the unsupported element of the base-plate (Noble, 2000). Limitations Some of the parts which are made of softer materials because of the conductivity issues may fail to pass the mechanical tests. Manufacturing requirements Description In spite of the fact that there are at this time a large range of units of knee inserts available from more than a few numerous makers, there are two most important kinds - one that substitutes for the again cruciate tendon (PCL), a focal tendon that settles the knee joint, and one who extras it (Ong, and Taylor, 2003). Characteristics In light of the powerful utilization of earthenware segments in hip substitution, one maker has built up an inventive insert for the knee. "Be that as it may," Dr. Windsor notes, "we won't comprehend for a long time on the off risk that this will offer any desired standpoint in the knee, which is an altogether distinct sort of joint." The sufferer's measurement, weight, and sex likewise have an orientation on insert alternative. At the same time as soon as there were only a couple sizes available, professionals now have a extra large choice to browse. This comprises a sex particular "woman's knee", which is intended to go well with a lady's smaller bone constitution, certainly on the femur. "This growth mirrors the sample towards editing inserts to accomplish probably the most ultimate outcome, involving solace, ability, and life span," says Dr. Windsor. Error condition Approaching patients could in finding that orthopedists in a couple of health care professional's amenities make use of one and handiest or two various insert frameworks, though, orthopedists at HSS have entry to the frameworks of all the primary orthopedic insert makers. Limitation While knee substitution gadgets have profited various sufferers, countless have caused mischief. Various knee substitution experiences came about considering of unexpected reactions caused with the aid of mixture knee substitution frameworks and materials of knee substitution frameworks. Fabricating organizations at reward face claims from patients who've been harmed via these items. Patients who experience complexities are entreated to document reviews, as these could help the FDA and producers work out whether a knee substitution evaluation is suitable. Deployment requirements Description Generally as in whatever other industry, the therapeutic field is continually advancing their methods, strategies and innovation. Particularly in orthopedics and knee substitution, driving producers tinker with the shape, material and general outline of their knee inserts with the trusts of picking up an edge. The way things are, there's truly no undisputed insert pioneer, so the choice basically comes down to a mix of your needs and your specialist's experience and inclination. Characteristics As you surely are aware, the knee truly moves in ahead and backward motion. There isn't so much one next to the opposite progress, nonetheless it occurs, mainly when you flip and alter course. For that reason, a couple insert makers have begun to create product choices that pivot inwards and out, and likewise pivot. There is no such thing as a predominant contextual analysis accessible to substantiate their instances of terribly higher progress and scope of action, yet the periodic enter from early adopters is with the aid of all bills positive (Porteous and Bartlett, 2003). Surely, the specific test can be a person with a traditional insert on one knee and a rotational model on the other. There easily are not a giant measure of folks in that camp, so it truly comes right down to your professional and their involvement with pivoting inserts. On the off threat that they've had just right fortunes with them previously and you are honestly dynamic, turning inserts perhaps a possibility for you. Error condition For a giant size of time, inserts got here within the institutionalized sizes for each guys and females. There was a late pattern to make specific units for each sex, in spite of everything. Basically, producers fairly modify the relative size and side of every section to oblige for the anatomical contrasts between genders. Most likely as with the rotational inserts, there truly is not ample information to offer the excessive ground to sexual orientation specific inserts. It real takes many years to begin to wholly realize the short and lengthy haul success rates of latest embed. Limitations With every one of the alternatives available in the market (and, trust me, that is simplest the tip of the chunk of ice), it's problematic to impartially analyze all of them, notwithstanding for gurus. There's doubtlessly knee insert makers will do the whole thing without exception to stand separated from the team, so a decent quantity of the fresher, "gotta have" items are obviously extra promoting buildup than something, so tread precisely. Support/maintenance requirements Description Knee substitution surgery has superior vastly over the time of a couple of a long time in light of superior ways, more suitable substances and more advantageous comprehension of knee physiology and function. More potent and sturdy knee substitution has bigly affected scientific practice (Wirth and Kohn, 1994). GPs have got to understand anything of the advances that have been made moreover how scientific apply has modified as a result, chiefly in the territory of sufferer evaluation and option for surgical procedure. GPs have got to have the ability to respect ordinary from irregular advancement after surgical procedure. There are greater than a hundred and fifty knee substitution plans available. Selection of prosthesis depends on upon countless variables. Characteristics The point of knee substitution is to supplant the insufficient joint surfaces with low-grinding simulated surfaces. The first-rate capacity and effect are, most often, finished by means of reestablishing mechanical association and smooth tissue equalization (Victor, 1996). These, with more energizing plans, mean exploiting support from back cruciate tendon and assurance tendons. Segments are composed in order that steel expresses with plastic. Entire prosthesis now weighs just around 500 to 600g. Error condition If the weight of the knee exceeds 600 g after manufacturing then it will not be good practice to implant such a heavy knee. Limitations The most important signs are torment and loss of potential. Be that as it may, the evaluation of those is perplexing and it's difficult to symbolize an affordable agreement between surgeons (Michnik, JurkojĆ¡, Tejszerska and Rycerski, 2006). selection for surgical procedure need to check seriousness of manifestations, the blend or incorporated have an impact on of those side results and the sufferer's idea to proceed. Quality requirements Description In 2015, greater than 500,000 Medicare recipients received a hip or knee substitution, costing greater than $8 billion for the hospitalizations on my own. The great and fee of administer to these surgeries fluctuates altogether by means of area and by health practitioner's facility. That is exact each for the respect received throughout the medication middle and for publish-excessive consideration received outside the sanatorium amid the elemental time of restoration. To a confined extent, this style is considering of the way Medicare pays for this consideration at present unfolds amongst quite a lot of suppliers, without a single substance viewed in charge for the mixture sufferer expertise. Hence, care can be divided, prompting detrimental results. Characteristics Increasing on lessons won from CMS's past and current packaged installment units, the CJR model tries to incentivize Medicare suppliers and suppliers to cooperate to enhance the exceptional and decrease the bills of watch over patients experiencing cut back furthest point joint substitution methodology. Underneath the CJR model, which has been subtle and concluded in the wake of considering that about 400 remarks, the intense consideration medication facility where the LEJR manner happens will be liable for whole Medicare consumptions and the final nature of related consideration, equipped by way of any provider or supplier, from the season of the surgery via 90 days after clinic release. We signify this period because the CJR scene of consideration. Error condition Contingent upon the member physician's facility's great and whole spending execution amid the CJR scene, the medication center may get an additional installment from Medicare, orstarting in 12 months 2 of the modelcould have got to reimburse Medicare for a part of the scene spending if spending surpasses objectives built up for the model. Therefore, surgeon's services will have to work with doctors and submit-intense consideration suppliers, for example, dwelling health workplaces and talented nursing places of work, to warranty sufferers get the planned consideration they require. The CJR model makes impetuses that empower joint effort amongst medication facilities, doctors and special clinicians, and submit-severe suppliers, as we trust this coordinated effort shall be important to fulfillment. Engagement with sufferers and consideration arranging will likewise be normal to success. Limitation The CJR mannequin incentivizes the conveyance of tremendous, throughout facilitated, productive consideration over the entire scene of consideration. On the point when a remedy facility incorporated into the mannequin releases a patient after an inpatient affirmation for a LEJR procedure, the clinic is dependable for the fee and nature of consideration outfitted to that sufferer for 90 days. The model difficulties clinics and special suppliers to arrange and organize precisely the respect they offer in a method that great addresses the greater part of the patient's problems. Project matrices and reporting Hip and knee substitutions are usually essentially the most commonly recognized surgeries that Medicare recipients get. The great handle Joint substitute installment mannequin CMS is declaring today proposes to do not forget clinics accountable for the character of consideration they deliver to Medicare rate for-administration recipients for hip and knee substitutions from surgical procedure via restoration. This proposition encourages the institution's dedication to vary our wellness framework to bring higher quality care and spend our medicinal services greenbacks smarter. "We are occupied with altering our medicinal services framework to pay for first-rate over quantity, with the goal that we spend our bucks the entire extra astutely and enhance nurture sufferers," mentioned well being and Human services Secretary Sylvia M. Burwell. "at present, we're stepping to increase the nature of tend to the a tremendous number of Americans who have hip and knee substitutions through Medicare always. By means of targeting scenes of consideration, versus a piecemeal framework, healing centers and medical professionals have an impetus to cooperate to convey extra strong and robust consideration. This mannequin will incentivize furnishing sufferers with the correct care the primary run via and discovering better tactics to support them recoup comfortably. It's going to compensate suppliers and gurus for serving to sufferers get and keep sound. Furthermore, it's what we hear that numerous specialists and suppliers want to have the ability to give the most perfect c onsideration to their sufferers." Contingent upon the health care provider's facility's first-rate and price execution amid the scene, the healing middle may get one more installment or be required to reimburse Medicare for a bit of the scene expenses (Fedricks, 2010). Consequently, doctor's amenities would have a motivating drive to work with doctors, dwelling health offices, and nursing offices to be certain recipients get the deliberate consideration they require, with the target of diminishing avoidable hospitalizations and difficulties. Healthcare professional's facilities would get instruments , for instance, spending and usage information and sharing of fine practices - to increase the viability of consideration coordination. Discussion Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure used to reestablish capacity to a joint, most often the knee and hip, after it has been bargained with the aid of joint irritation. An orthopedic specialist restores the harmed knee and additions a steel or plastic phase to top the finishes of the bones that body the knee joint. Study outcome indicated 88 percentages of patients got here again to duty after surgery. "With one of a kind organizations, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, i'm conscious of the requests placed on our administration members in the fight zone," Gerlinger instructed FoxNews.Com. "Patients are much less tolerant of motion limitations now than they ever were, therefore more youthful and more youthful patients are searching out an answer for his or her problem of interminable knee or hip discomfort," he stated. In this work, we showed a polyimide based MEMS strain-distinguishing contraptions for checking knee embed/inserts. All through the design method, FEA showing results were used to improve contraption course of action inside a fake knee section. The PI-based development is suitable for biomedical applications and can give a gigantic cost advantage since it doesn't surmise changes on current prosthesis. Conclusion Here a polymer-based strain-distinguishing device was created for watching a fake knee embed/insert. The test data displays the sensor is prepared for measuring the strain identified with the total center point qualities connected on the UHMWPE install in the extent of approximately 4 times estimation of the body weight with a tolerable affectability and accuracy for events happening inside 1 s time. This contraption has been proposed to screen the total weight and fundamental alterations on the strain-sensor arrangement can allow the estimations of forces in each individual compartment of the UHMWPE install, mulling over the checking of brief fake knee balance. Distinctive changes can be in like manner made on the layout to allow the estimation of other force fragments and temperature checking, to analyze the effect of different activities, for instance, walking and cycling, on the addition/insert wear rate. Improvements on the sensors diagram and packaging, furthermore extending the amount of strain-sensors on the device can allow the mapping of strain in various ranges of energy for the UHMWPE. The littler scale little, scaled down scale power nature of their remote transmitter equipment and creative multi-channel strain estimation advancement has engaged this jump forward. Batteries are completely discarded by using a crucial littler than common circle inside the supplement/insert, to gather imperativeness from a remotely associated trading field, which controls the addition/insert. The remote controlling circle is secured to the outside of the patient's shin, a long way from the area knee. Using a remote gathering mechanical assembly, t he addition/insert transmits modernized sensor data to a PC in a significant association. The twelve strain gages are commitment to a PC, which uses a set away modification network to change over the unrefined strain data into 3-D torques and qualities about the knee. References Akan, B. (2014). Outcomes for revision total knee replacement after unicompartmental knee replacement. Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica, 48(4), pp.419-423. Chou, D., Swamy, G., Lewis, J. and Badhe, N. (2012). Revision of failed unicompartmental knee replacement to total knee replacement. The Knee, 19(4), pp.356-359. Davies, A. (2002). Rating systems for total knee replacement. The Knee, 9(4), pp.261-266. Dorr, L., Udomkiat, P., Szenohradszky, J., Chorn, R. and Raya, J. (2002). Intraoperative Monitoring for Safety of Bilateral Total Knee Replacement. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 396, pp.142-151. Golovakha, M., Shishka, I., Banit, O., Babich, Y., Tverdovsky, A., Zabelin, I., Krasnoperov, S. and Orlyansky, V. (2013). Comparative analysis of remote results of high corrective osteotomy of the tibia and unicondylar knee replacement in medial gonarthrosis., 0(1), p.20. Jules-Elysee, K., YaDeau, J. and Urban, M. (2008). Pulmonary Artery Versus Central Venous Catheter Monitoring in the Outcome of Patients Undergoing Bilateral Total Knee Replacement. HSS Journal, 5(1), pp.27-30. Krichen, A., Ketata, H. and Elgasri, S. (2006). Visualisation of tibiofemoral contact in total knee replacement using optical device. The Knee, 13(3), pp.226-230. Ledger, M., Shakespeare, D. and Scaddan, M. (2005). Accuracy of patellar resection in total knee replacement. The Knee, 12(1), pp.13-19. Michnik, R., JurkojĆ¡, J., Tejszerska, D. and Rycerski, W. (2006). Monitoring of rehabilitation progress with the help of the mathematical modelling dedicated to patients after hip and knee replacement. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, p.S93. Nadlacan, L. and Hirst, P. (2001). Infected total knee replacement following a dental procedure in a severe haemophiliac. The Knee, 8(2), pp.159-161. Newman, J. (2000). Unicompartmental knee replacement. The Knee, 7(2), pp.63-70. Noble, J. (2000). Should the patella be resurfaced at total knee replacement?. The Knee, 7(4), pp.199-204. Ong, S. and Taylor, G. (2003). Can knee position save blood following total knee replacement?. The Knee, 10(1), pp.81-85. Porteous, A. and Bartlett, R. (2003). Post-operative drainage after cemented, hybrid and uncemented total knee replacement. The Knee, 10(4), pp.371-374. Fedricks, R. (2010), Primary and Advanced Knee Replacement. The Knee, 13(6), p.484. Shakespeare, D. and Kinzel, V. (2005). Rehabilitation after total knee replacement. The Knee, 12(3), pp.185-189. Shakespeare, D., Ledger, M. and Kinzel, V. (2006). Flexion after total knee replacement. The Knee, 13(5), pp.371-373. van der Slikke, R., van Lummel, R., Benink, R., Muller, J. and Busser, H. (1999). A new method for evaluating knee replacement using ambulatory monitoring in a standardised ADL test. Gait Posture, 10(1), p.68. Victor, J. (1996). Unicompartmental versus total knee replacement for unicompartmental arthrosis of the knee. The Knee, 3(3), p.163. Wirth, C. and Kohn, D. (1994). Meniscal replacement and transplantation. The Knee, 1(3), pp.178-179.

Marketing Management Market Orientation Methods

Question: Describe about the Marketing Management for Market Orientation Methods. Answer: Introduction According to Doole and Lowe (2012), Marketing management is the process which an organization follows that focuses on the application of market orientation, methods , and management of marketing resources . Organizations that operate on an international level are quite keen on developing a marketing management plan, as it would analyse the companys position and the ways of enhancing the position of the company. Marketing helps the organization to identify its potential customer base and create specific customer segment, and launch embattled promotional and advertising campaigns(Ferrell and Hartline 2012). Marketing strategy portrays a road map for the organization regarding the process of marketing and includes various other elements which helps in the enhancement of the company. In this report, a case study on HSBC bank is done, that would give a detailed structure regarding the marketing strategies of the company. Information regarding the companies activities in considered, along with its market environment. PORTER AND PESTEL analysis is conducted in order to know about the micro and macro factors of the environment in which the company prevails (Fifield 2012). Marketing strategy and marketing mix plan of the company is analysed to get a knowledge regarding the objectives of the company. In the end recommendations are made to help the company to from a strong base in Australia. Background Of The Company According to HSBC.com. (2016), HSBC is a multinational banking and financial service corporation that has its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is considered as the fourth largest bank. Its total assets are of us$2.67 trillion. It was established by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation limited to act as a new group holding company. HSBC has 7500 offices in 87 countries all over the world. It is spread widely with around 220,000 shareholders among 124 countries. It provides a range of services like personal financial services, commercial banking, market private banking and investment banking. The bank is mainly operated in Hong Kong, Asia Pacific region, Europe, Australia and America. Being on the fourth position with respect to its assets, almost 22% of its profits are derived from Hong Kong. It has been termed as the worlds local bank. It has been successful in understanding the important and function of different market all the way through the skill gained in international trade. HSBC being a global company has greatest respect for different companies . Their motto is to provide personalised services and aid to its customers that fits the specific needs. Within Australia, HSBC has a chain of 25 branches as well as other direct channels. The growth of the company is relatively slow in Australia compared the other countries. Most of the population is mainly focussed at the domestic banks of the country. HSBC needs an extensive framework of marketing strategies and implementation of those plans in order to expand its market share in the country Market Segmentation As stated by Gilligan and Hird (2012), a market segment for an organization must be conducted in order to achieve the attributes of accessibility, measurability, profitability and large size. If the chosen segment fulfills all these attributes, then creation of that segment must be considered. For a banking and financial institution like HSBC, 75% of its customer base is derived from the commercial banking in Australia. In retail banking sector, HSBC has to compete with various other banks such as commonwealth bank, ANZ bank, Westpac, Bendigo bank, etc. In Australia 77 % of teh resident assets are done by the four major domestic bank of teh country. HSBC stands at a position with only 13.4% (Ryle et al. 2015). The current need of the hour is that HSBC needs to understand that there are various segments in the country than can be created by keeping in mind the core competency and accordingly creating the segment (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). As it eh case of commercial banking, the domestic banks have already taken its toll, HSBC must pay attention to the retail banking sector. HSBC must focus on the age group which includes people who are just freshers, out of college or into new jobs or have entered into a business entrepreneurship. Even though the net count of these customers, would not be high, yet they would spend more in comparison with the higher age group. These is a great scope to expand their credit card services. Hence, these customers are targeted as potential customers (Hollensen 2015). Market Targeting As stated by Westwood (2013), based on the segmentation done, HSBC must target the segment including the people of age group 18 to 35 years. The segmentation done must be divided into two sub sections, where one part would be the people who are interested in the basic requirements of personal banking services, whereas, the other section could be interested in other products such as personal banks, mutual funds, personal finances, etc. Hence, in accordance with the subsections made among the segments, HSBC must target the customers. Market Positioning Positioning HSBC would be considered as an important element to decide the success or failure of the extension plan. In Australia, HSBC has a collective share of only 17%, which shows that it has a long way to go in order to establish its position and declare itself as a powerful banking institution. Local factors and old beliefs have positioned the domestic banks of the country as more reliable and easily accessible institution than the other international banks (Kotler et al. 2015). Therefore, it is important for HSBC to focus on positioning itself as a successful bank with a powerful brand name. HSBC needs to invoke its international exposure and innovative and influential banking products in order to convince the target customers. Macro Factors According to Anton (2015), PESTEL analysis is aimed at determining how an organization would get affected by the macro factors of the environment. It helps to develop the business strategies, by analysing various macro factors. Political : HSBC being a multinational company, has been controlled by various laws and regulations prepared by different governments of different countries where they are operating. The organization has been maintaining the policies made by each government which further ensures the stability and successful completion of business operations of HSBC (Yksel 2012). Economical : HSBC has been able to secure a successful economic strength in the field of banking and finance. In spite of the dangers that the company faces in various parts of the world, a good administration base of the company helps it to go beyond the struggles. It enables the company to attain an equipped economic condition and create a guard against unemployment (Riasi 2015). Social : HSBC is highly influenced by the social conditions of different places. The primary aim of the company is to provide service to every society in order to provide them with facilities of the resources by HSBC. The company aims at getting a good name among the customers so that it assures that everything will be under control and customary (Ghosal 2013). Technological: the emergent of upgraded versions of technology and internet effects the working of HSBC in the past years. The company integrates the upliftment in technology and efficiently communicates with its customers globally. Except these, HSBC also uses some advanced techniques that helps the company to raise their advancement in production and operations. It makes it easier to achieve their goal. Environmental: HSBC acknowledges variations in governments challenging organizations to reduce their carbon footprints. HSBC has been dedicated to reduce its own carbon footprints by reducing waste, transport emissions and improve energy efficiency. Legal : increase in government regulation from the European Union, increments in capital necessities and as well as new anti-money laundering requirements means that HSBC deals with legal compliance that is costly and time consuming. Micro Factors Micro factors of HSBC have been analysed using the porters five forces. It is designed to help the financial professionals and other managers in order to determine the influential factors. Potential entrants : HSBC has many competitors in Australia from the other international banks that are or have planned to penetrate into the country. In spite of receiving threats from the market, HSBC was still able to set high standards for competition. HSBC supports a strong branding image and as it does not have any fear from loss of customers. Bargaining power of customers : HSBC has formed a value that has influenced the occupation from one of the two important forces customers power. HSBC has managed its customers as a result of allowing the company to gain customer faithfulness. This provides the company of getting a chance if being a leader in the banking industry (Peck et al. 2013). Threat of substitutes : an important threat faced by HSBC is the threat from its competitors new products and services. This threat increases the urge in the organization to work hard in order to influence their position. HSBC has created four sections to focus on various customer strategies. This would help the company to understand the problems and satisfy the customers more efficiently. Bargaining power of suppliers : the power provided to the customer mirror to the supplier power. This lays emphasis on two important points, one is the size and concentration whereas the other is differentiation of the materials being supplied. HSBC uses the strategy of price discrimination in accordance with the difference it the price paid by each buyer . Rivalry among current competitors : there are many competitors of the banking and financial sector. HSBC uses competent strategy to maintain the control among them. As the rivals of HSBC are capable enough to raise their standards at par with HSBC, therefore, HSBC plans various strategies to confirm that they are the first choice of the clients. Consumer Perceptions and Behaviour Consumers perception towards a brand plays a major role in doing judgement for a product. Hence, it becomes important for an organization to understand the marketing strategy and analyse consumers perception towards that particular product. HSBC has to set up a business of foreign bank in Australia. Australia already has well known and successful domestic banks, that has 77% of the assets of the country. HSBC has transformed its identity from being a finance based organization towards a banking organization. However, a lot needs to be done in order to acquire the desired position in such a well advanced country. Various survey results shows that a larger part of the country, still has a firm belief over the domestic banks of the country, rather than the international banks. The factor that drives the force against HSBC is brand perception, and accessibility to the bank. Many people are of the opinion that HSBC is more engrossed in commercial and financial aspects of banking. This perception is due to the fact, that back in 1960s, HSBC had stated its business in Australia as a financial organization. Hence, some of the customers still hesitate in preferring HSBC as their personal bank (Liu, Liu and Zhang 2014). Another important aspect of customer behaviour is the preference given to banks which are easily accessible. In the world of internet banking, there are huge number of people who prefer banks to be easily accessible. In this context, domestic banks of Australia have a greater advantage over HSBC. The branches of HSBC is quite low in comparison with the domestic banks of Australia. This is another reason for the lack of personal banking customers of HSBC in Australia (Pavlou and Stewart 2015). It is quite crucial for HSBC to change the perception of the countrymen. In order to do so, hsbc need to portray their brand a completely an Australian unit rather than a subsidiary brand. Secondly, HSBC must plan to open new branches in commercial as well as in residential areas. This will help in grabbing the attention of the local people of Australia. Marketing Mix Marketing for the financial and banking services poses different challenges for the company. marketing mix aims at providing a descriptive analysis on the product, price , place and promotional activities of the organization. (Hassan and Craft 2012). Product The products is considered as the main element in a companys marketing strategy. Poorly designed service products are not successful in generating any value for the customers. The primary aim of the product is to create a unique service that would comparatively offer more service to the customers than the competitors of the bank. The product must be efficient enough to satisfy the wants of the customers. Keeping all the details and needs in mind, HSBC has prepared various unique featured products, such as : Prepaid card : HSBC has planned to launch two prepaid cards namely HSBCs financial manager and HSBCs budget manager. The financial manager manages the spending money of the customer by transferring the spending money of the bank account into the card. The budget manager has a smaller annual load than the financial manager. The new system of prepaid cards are free from any kind of fee and it offers the same flexibility equivalent to the debit and credit cards. Real Time Balance Alerts : real time balance alerts are sent to every client of HSBC after every transactions made. It updates the client regarding the amount transacted and the balance that remains in the balance. Online Banking : HSBC manages flexibility in assessing the customers financial possessions. The clients can access the official website of HSBC and set standing orders on the amount of money to load onto the budget every month. It implements efficiency in the function and thereby reduces effort of the customers (Pealoza , Toulouse and Visconti 2013). Optional Savings Account : as stated by Taleghani et al. (2012), bank customers who pay more than a certain limit at regular intervals, qualify for HSBCs current account advance. It can be used to make regular payments or standing orders from the customers current account to save certain amount every month. This characteristics is ideal for the clients who have fixed income. Price According to Rothaermel (2015), the pricing policy of the products of HSBC must be efficient in nature as they have to look after two components. At first it must be able to attract the customers towards itself and secondly, it must be able to generate revenue for the company. There are five main components to influence the pricing decisions of a company maximisation of profit , survival, social considerations, market share maximisation, and personal objectives. It is quite unlikely that any increase in the interest rate would attract the clients, hence, there must be a base lending rate that provides the minimum revenue for banks and financial institutions. There must be also a fixed prepaid card fee. If the customers save money in order to gin the facilitates of the customers current account, the that proves to be highly beneficial for the bank to raise capital. Place The place element is very deals with the delivery of the product to its customers either physically or by using appropriate methods. Failure in making a service product available trot eh customer would result in failure , regardless of how good the product was. HSBC has an extensive branch network and also user affable internet banking system (Stites 2015). Promotion As per Marshall (2014), Promotion element depend son the efficient communication system followed by the company with its clients. The main objectives of promotion is to gain clients, provide additional information regarding the products to the clients and to persuade the clients to buy the product. Advertising, newspapers, magazines, social medias and outdoor promotions must be undertaken by the company to enhance promotions of their products. Press release, brochures and posters are also effective to grab the attention of customers in order to persuade them. Recommendation The above marketing strategies give a clear view of how HSBC could achieve major success in the Australian banking industry. Currently Australia is domination by its domestic banks with a total share of 77%. The analysis shows that there is great scope for HSBC to spread in the country and expand its services. HSBC should emphasize on providing high quality customer service and secured banking service to the people. In the current situation, any organization that can provide high end services and facilities to its customers can survive in the market. HSBC needs to integrate its products, customer services and overall business and pricing strategy in such a way that it seems expedient and favourable to the people. References Anton, Roman (2015). "An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis." (2015): 21-26. Doole, I., and Lowe, R. 2012.International marketing strategy. Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O. C., and Hartline, M. 2012.Marketing Strategy, Text and Cases. Cengage Learning. Fifield, P. 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. Ghosal, S. N. 2013. A pragmatic strategy for banks to counter recession is to garner funds and encourage entrepreneurship focus on reticular activity trend and not be cauldron for politicians and bureaucrats.SAARJ Journal on Banking Insurance Research,2(5), 24-37. Gilligan, C., and Hird, M. 2012.International Marketing (RLE International Business): Strategy and Management(Vol. 17). Routledge. Hassan, S. S., and Craft, S. 2012.Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(5), 344-356. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. HSBC.com. (2016). HSBC Group corporate website | HSBC Holdings plc. [online] Available at: https://www.hsbc.com/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Jurevicius, Ovidijus. "PEST PESTEL Analysis,"."Strategic Management Insight13 (2013): 2013. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Liu, M., Liu, T., and Zhang, T. J. 2014.A Comparative Study of the Differential Marketing Strategies of Four State-Owned Commercial Banks. In Finance Forum (Vol. 6, p. 005). Marshall, G., 2014.Marketing management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pavlou, P. A., and Stewart, D. W. 2015. Interactive Advertising: A New Conceptual Framework Towards Integrating Elements of the Marketing Mix. In New Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium (pp. 218-222). Springer International Publishing. Peck, H., Christopher, M., Clark, M., and Payne, A. 2013.Relationship Marketing. Routledge. Pealoza, L., Toulouse, N., and Visconti, L. M. (Eds.). 2013.Marketing management: A cultural perspective. Routledge. Riasi, A., 2015. Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Ryle, G., Fitzgibbon, W., Cabra, M., Carvajal, R., Guevara, M.W., Hamilton, M.M. and Stites, T., 2015. Banking Giant HSBC Sheltered Murky Cash Linked to Dictators and Arms Dealers.International Consortium of Investigative Journalists website, February,8. Taleghani, M., Biabani, S., Gilaninia, S., Rahbarinia, S. A., Mousavian, S. J. 2012. The Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Relationship Marketing Benefits. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(3), 78-86. Westwood, J., 2013.How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012.Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Yksel, I., 2012. Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), p.52.

Supply and demand 2 Essay Example For Students

Supply and demand 2 Essay Recent medical advances have greatly enhanced the ability to successfully transplant organs and tissue. Forty-five years ago the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States, followed twenty years later by the first heart transplant. Statistics from the United Network for Organ Sharing (ONOS) indicate that in 1998 a total of 20,961 transplants were performed in the United States. Although the number of transplants has risen sharply in recent years, the demand for organs far outweighs the supply. To date, more than 65,000 people are on the national organ transplant waiting list and about 4,000 of them will die this year- about 11 every day- while waiting for a chance to extend their life through organ donation (Yoakam 1). We will write a custom essay on Supply and demand 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This figure, when looked at from an economic standpoint, exemplifies a case of supply and demand between organ donors and patients with a diseased organ. Just as there is a supply and demand in any given market, there are also complementary and substitute goods. Who decides who gets transplants and who doesnt? This question implies that the organ market also needs to have various, effective allocation mechanisms. The organ market has complementary and substitute goods and can use various effective allocation mechanisms. A person that receives an organ transplant almost always requires several complementary goods. One obvious good is the medical care received for the actual transplant and for follow-up doctors visits. For most people who undergo an organ or tissue transplant the quality of their life and general overall health improves following the transplant. Persons who receive a transplant are frequently required to take a series of medications that suppress their immune system and prevent their body from rejecting the newly acquired organ. They often will need to undergo frequent medical visits and testing to monitor the transplanted organ. At times, the organ transplant will be unsuccessful and the organ may need to be removed. These people will be placed back on the waiting list for another organ (Yoakam). Two more goods are the medication to prevent rejection and (assuming the patient has insurance) payments made by the patients insurance company for the patients care. The donors family is not responsible for the costs incurred through organ donation. The recipient, most times through their insurance carrier or Medicare pays for all of the costs related to the donation of organs and tissue. If the price of organs increases (whether due to an increase in demand or decrease in supply) the demand for the complementary good will decrease. The converse of a complementary good is a substitute good. In the organ market, a substitute good really depends on what organ is being considered. People with diseased livers are particularly at risk because there is no medical alternative to transplantation for keeping a patientalive. The only two obvious substitute goods for a liver transplant would be extensive medical care and pain medications. On the other hand, someone with diseased kidneys has more options. One obvious option would be dialysis. But, when looked at as a whole, the organ market does have substitute goods. If the price of organs increases (whether due to an increase in demand or decrease in supply) the demand for the substitute good will increase. Since the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents a monetary price from being placed on a donated organ, effective allocation mechanisms must be utilized. Allocation mechanisms must be accessed because the shortage of supply compared to the demand. In any market, allocation mechanisms rely on many factors but some include friendships, under the table payments, predicted profit, and personal biases. In the organ market, several allocation mechanisms come to mind. There is always the possibility that a particular patient has a family member or friend that is in the organ transplantation profession, and/or the family of the patient is able to pay-off someone in charge of the distribution of organs. In reality, these two mechanisms are frowned upon for their lack of morality. One real possibility for an allocation mechanism is to make a waiting list on a first-come first-served basis. .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .postImageUrl , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:visited , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:active { border:0!important; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:active , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homemade Education Argumentative Essay This method would only be for those who, in a panel of doctors professional opinions, had a .

Free Essays on A Mother

Economic Status and the Maternal Figures in No Matter What and â€Å"A Mother† From as early as the days of ancient Rome and Greece your economic status and place in society determined what kind of life you and in turn, your family would lead. It also determined the expectedness of the offspring of the family. In â€Å"A Mother† by James Joyce and No Matter What by Mary Saracino both of the matriarchal figures are on different spectrums of economic status. Mrs. Kearny in â€Å"A Mother† does not have to worry about where the grocery money is going to come from as Marie does in No Matter What. â€Å"I need grocery money. Don’t be cheap this time.† (Page 94) Economic stress can lead to many things in a person’s life. Economic stability has a lot to do with the happiness and comfort ability of ones life. Mrs. Kearny came from an economically comfortable background and therefore entered into a marriage with which she would again be economically comfortable. â€Å"She had been educated in a high-class convent where she l earned French and music.† (Page 139) Marie Giov! anni came from a poor economic background and consequently married into another poor economic family. In my essay, I will compare the lives of Mrs. Kearny and Marie Giovanni and the effects that their economic status has on their lives. When one does not have the extra worry of money to think about, life can almost seem a little easier. Financial issues in a family can lead to major problems, especially between husband and wife. Financial issues are actually one of the leading causes of divorce. In No Matter What, Marie is very unsatisfied with her economic status in life. Marie always dreamed of being something more than she became. â€Å"Mama says her life isn’t what she wanted it be.† (Page 74) Besides other problems Marie might have with her husband, Paulie, she feels that life with her lover, Patrick, will take her out of the economic poverty th... Free Essays on A Mother Free Essays on A Mother Economic Status and the Maternal Figures in No Matter What and â€Å"A Mother† From as early as the days of ancient Rome and Greece your economic status and place in society determined what kind of life you and in turn, your family would lead. It also determined the expectedness of the offspring of the family. In â€Å"A Mother† by James Joyce and No Matter What by Mary Saracino both of the matriarchal figures are on different spectrums of economic status. Mrs. Kearny in â€Å"A Mother† does not have to worry about where the grocery money is going to come from as Marie does in No Matter What. â€Å"I need grocery money. Don’t be cheap this time.† (Page 94) Economic stress can lead to many things in a person’s life. Economic stability has a lot to do with the happiness and comfort ability of ones life. Mrs. Kearny came from an economically comfortable background and therefore entered into a marriage with which she would again be economically comfortable. â€Å"She had been educated in a high-class convent where she l earned French and music.† (Page 139) Marie Giov! anni came from a poor economic background and consequently married into another poor economic family. In my essay, I will compare the lives of Mrs. Kearny and Marie Giovanni and the effects that their economic status has on their lives. When one does not have the extra worry of money to think about, life can almost seem a little easier. Financial issues in a family can lead to major problems, especially between husband and wife. Financial issues are actually one of the leading causes of divorce. In No Matter What, Marie is very unsatisfied with her economic status in life. Marie always dreamed of being something more than she became. â€Å"Mama says her life isn’t what she wanted it be.† (Page 74) Besides other problems Marie might have with her husband, Paulie, she feels that life with her lover, Patrick, will take her out of the economic poverty th...

Nursing philosophy Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing philosophy - Personal Statement Example A nurse should embrace the caring culture as they should put aside their values and care for the sick patient. Nurses should have integrity so as to make an ethical decision (Watson 65). Nurses should also embrace diversity so as to understand different cultures in accordance to their patients. Nurses believe that humans are complex organisms and that the study of their nature is more complex than people perceive (Watson 70). Nurses also believe that humans like to be understood. Finally, nurses believe that all humans behave differently. This is helpful as nurses look after dozens of people each day. Hence, they learn to relate with the different types of species that are out there. The society expects nurses to offer emotional support to their patients, as well as their families. Also, the society expects nurses to have good hygiene along with their dressing (Watson 72). Finally, a nurse is also expected, by the society, to follow the doctor’s orders. This might include overseen tests among others. A patient expects a nurse to look after him or her in all ways (Watson 72). For instance, a patient who cannot walk expects a nurse to lead his or her way in the hospital. In addition, families with their respective members in a hospital expect nurses to look after them with much care. Finally, a doctor expects that a nurse follows his or her directions such as when caring out surgeries or tests that are left behind to be done later (Watson 73). Education in nursing offers the potential nurse with great knowledge that she might draw upon on her career (Watson 105). Also, education nursing requires potential nurse to complete a semester of hands-on practice in a health center. This enables potential nurses to have a glimpse of what nursing really involves before they call it a career (Watson 105). Finally, education in nursing enables future nurses to acquire licenses from the National Council Licensure Examination in nursing. If I turn out to be a nurse,

Business Communication Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

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What is Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Art - Essay Example Art is something that looks attractive, fascinating or thrilling. These characteristics make art interesting hence becoming the best way for conveying messages, since people will tend to pay attention to things that will make them relax their minds. Art depends mainly on the use of illustrations to express ideas. The artist ensures that the viewer understands the message by simply looking at the illustration. The brain of the viewer is set to cope with the mood portrayed by the art. It may be an image portraying a holy place, a dirge which is a sign of sorrow or a painting to portray cheerful events. According to Bart Rosier, â€Å"Art is a historical blueprint of human vision and imagination.† Art is an imaginative attempt which integrates many characteristics of the human being. It is a sign of intelligence and the ability to combine several resources to come up with a resourceful image which is intended to be educative, informative and forewarning of impending dangers. Art is used to express differences in various cultures of the world, and the changes that occur with time. Art is mostly a symbol of its cultural setting hence there is immense effect of culture established in the art environment. According to Megan Backhouse, â€Å"There are many different definitions that explain art to be a study, practice and or observation whether it be in relation to scientific arts or the art of thinking.† Many artists use it as a means to present people with a design in relation to the prevailing circumstances, which may possibly not be clear if it was only said without art. Art connects the artistic mind and the minds of the viewer. It therefore deliberately generates poignant communication between the artiste and the spectators. Art has various definitions. These mainly depend on the circumstances for which art is intended to portray specific information. Art is an external way of putting in to view an artist’s

A Historical Sketch Of ELT In India English Language Essay

A Historical Sketch Of ELT In India English Language Essay Introduction This study aims at studying the language needs of under graduates students, revealing the discrepancies of different participants with respect to actual English language skills and target language skills and then suggest corrections in curriculum, wherever required. The study is conducted at Sant Gadge Baba University; Amravati, on students studying in under-graduate courses.This chapter presents information on the background and purpose of the study. Next, research questions are presented. Finally, definitions of some basic terms used in this study are presented. Background to the Study Global English World English is broadly categorised into three varieties: English as a Native Language (ENL), English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Accordingly, there are three geographical divisions of English speaking nations viz., ENL territories, ESL territories and EFL territories (Braj B. Kachru in Koul N. Omkar (eds.) 1992: 2 -3, cited in Hasan Kamrul Md,2004).1 ENL territories In countries like the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, English is the first or often the only language of communication among the people. In ENL territories people use the mother tongue variety of English. ESL territories- In ESL situations English plays a vital role and is used to perform a variety of official, educational, and other roles. For ESL speakers, although English is not their native language but it is an important language in their professional and social lives. Like India, English is used as a second language in almost all the former British colonies (Singapore, Nigeria, South Africa etc.) Often the persons second language becomes the first functional language in adulthood in such cases. In ESL countries English is generally given importance in the educational framework of the nation and taught in schools and colleges. EFL territories In some countries English neither enjoys the status of native language nor second language. It is treated as foreign language and its use is restricted to occupational and educational purposes. In countries like China and Japan, English is taught and learnt mainly for reasons of trade and business and it does not play any role in social interactions. A historical sketch of ELT in India: Pre-colonial period Vasco da Gamas discovery of the sea route to India also paved way for the introduction of English in the sub-continent in 1498.However, it was only in the 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was on the decline and the English East India Company had secured a foothold in India that Indias tryst with the English language began. During this period, English was the language of communication of the elite people and was not the lingua franca of the people. Colonial period With the consolidation of the activities of the East India Company in eighteenth century, began the efforts of teaching English in the South Asian subcontinent. As far back as 1759, Christian missionaries entered India and the 1787 despatch welcomed the efforts of Rev. Swartz to establish schools for the teaching of English. Another significant effort was the publication of the first book, The Tutor, to teach English to the non-Europeans by author John Miller in 1797. This book was published in Serampore in Bengal. Thus the socio- historical stage for the role of English in education was set by the end of the 18th century. T.B. Macaulay, in the Minutes of 1835, for the first time, formally introduced the teaching of English in the South Asian subcontinent. In his Minutes he mentioned the importance and usefulness of the education that would be given to the natives through the medium of English. There were primarily two objectives of such education. The first was to create through this education a class of natives who, despite their blood and colour, would be English in culture and be able to interpret between the rulers and the subjects:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect (quoted in Macaulay 1835, quoted in Thirumalai, 2003)2. The second was to create a demand for the European institutions. Although both the objectives were designed to serve the interest of the Masters, not of the subjects, but it provided the framework of formal English ed ucation to India which to a large extent is followed even today.. Thus by the middle of the nineteenth century the aims and objectives of teaching English were very clearly laid out For the remaining period of colonial rule there were a few landmarks in the development of English such as: The establishment of universities in Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai in 1857 and in Dhaka in 1920 Selective education and training in administration, imparted through English, the Indian University Act (1904) The Resolution on Educational Policy (1913). For the entire period of British rule four broad developments with regard to English education took place: 1600 -1800: During the early years the variety of English used was imitative and formal. It was the language of the rulers and the elite class. 1850 -1947: During the later years more varieties (from very high to very low) appeared. Indian intellectuals and freedom fighters effectively used English as tool to for political awakening and resurgence. Interaction with vernacular languages: As the use of English penetrated the different sections of the educated Indians, a new variety of English emerged. This variety of English had a very distinct Indian flavour and a number of words of vernacular origin were absorbed in English, e.g., Brahmin. Coolie, jungle, and so on. Methodology: Language studies were based on literature and grammar and the means of studies was the grammar-translation method. The spoken component of the language was not practised. The emphasis was given on correctness and complete sentence construction. English also played a critical role in Indias struggle for independence as it became the language of political awakening and resurgence. Even Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), although a strong advocator of use of national language, used English language effectively to put forth his message to the British Government . Post colonial period Post independence, the perception of English as having an alien power base changed. Kachru notes that English now has national and international functions that are both distinct and complementary. English has thus acquired a new power base and a new elitism (Kachru 1986, p. 12 as cited in Baldridge, 2002).3 For most part of the twentieth century, it remained a language used by a select few. English primarily remained the language of law and administration. The Present State Twentieth century witnessed great advancements in science and technology and this enabled many new ways of sharing information and doing business. Indias international commercial activities led to the need for acquiring proficiency in English as an international language. Now, English was not just the language of the administrators and policy makers but also became the language of the business and professional class. In India, the English speaking population is only about 3-4%, but with Indias massive population, India is among the top three countries in the world with the highest number of English speakers. In terms of numbers of English speakers, the Indian subcontinent ranks third in the world, after the USA and UK. Most English speakers in India are second language speakers, in 1971, it was estimated that the rate of bilingualism in India was 13% and 99% of English speakers are second-language speakers (Mahapatra 1990: 7 cited in Hohenthal , 2003).4 Spolsky points out that English is the most widely spoken second language, followed by Hindi. English is more useful as a lingua franca; the usefulness of Hindi as a lingua franca is regionally limited (Spolsky 1978: 42 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)5. The small segment of the English speaking population controls domains that have professional prestige (Kachru 1986a: 8 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)). It is this small segment of Indian population that hea ds Indias economic, industrial, professional, political, and social progress. Most interactions in the above spheres of life take place in English. In the linguistically plural settings of India, English often acts as the link -language among people of different dialect. For many educated Indians English is virtually the first language. Thus in the present context English is playing a vital role in bringing together people from different regional languages for a closer exchange of social, educational and administrative network of India . It provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of a country (Kachru 1986a: 8). English is used in both public and personal domains and its functions extend far beyond those normally associated with an outside language, including the instrumental, the regulative, the interpersonal and the innovative, self-expressive function (Hohenthal citing Kachru 1986a: 37, 2003))6. As pointed out before, the role of English is not replacive: it overlaps with local languages in certain domains (Kandiah citing Sridhar, 1985;Shridhar and Shridhar, 1986; 1991: 273)7. English language in Indian Education System English is taught as a second language at every stage of education in all states of India and has been accepted as the main medium of instruction in higher education. English is also the state language of two states in eastern India, Meghalaya and Nagaland. In India, English has become an integral part of the curriculum almost at all levels of education. However there are various social, political and cultural factors that affect the position of English in different boards, universities and other institutions. Even the curriculum offered and evaluation tools employed are very diverse across the country. The model of English offered to the learners lacks uniformity and it is this question that continues to challenge the policy makers and education planners. While most States accord English the position of second language, some others treat is as the third language; the regional language and the national language getting precedence. as in other linguistically and culturally pluralistic societies, the position of English is determined by various political, cultural and social considerations. Kachru (1986b:20 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)8 sees primarily three questions which continue to be discussed. The first question concerns the position of English in early and in higher education. The second question is concerned with the roles of the regional language, Hindi and English. The third question deals with the model of English presented to Indian learners, and how that presentation can be made uniformly and effectively. The Government of India has primarily been concerned with the first two questions, which are directly related to language planning at both the national and state levels. There are, as yet, no acceptable answers to any of these questions (Kachru 1986b:20 cited in Hohenthal , 2003).9 1.2 Language Teaching Context at Amravati University Established on 1st May, 1983, this University geographically covers the western Vidarbha belt (i.e., five districts Amravati, Akola, Yavatmal, Buldhana and Washim) of Maharashtra State. The University, in its small span of two and a half decades, has contributed in many ways for economic, social and cultural upliftment of the society by offering quality education. The Motto of this University is Education for Salvation of Soul The University is recognised under Section 12(B) of UGC   Act. The University is also an associate member of Association of Commonwealth Universities, London (U.K.) The University has 10 faculties which includes Arts, Commerce, Sciences, Medicine, Ayurved, Education, Social Science, Law, Home Science, Engineering Technology. The University has facilities to offer post-graduate advanced education in Computer, Biotechnology, Business Management, Law degree courses in Chemical-Technology. SGB,Amravati University University has been one of the foundation universities undergoing expansion and developments in the recent years. Although the University does not have an English Department to date, English courses are offered both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in colleges affiliated to the University. Evaluation tools used in order to assess the students performance are generally written exams stated to cover the course objectives moderately rather than fully. That is because listening and speaking skills are not evaluated although practiced during the classes. The exam is generally conducted once, at the end of the academic session. The nature of the written examination paper is largely theoretical. Thus, the results of this study will be an aid to the Curriculum Development Unit of English Board of Studiesof Amravati University (SGBAU)in deciding on the needs of the students and improving the already existing program to better meet the needs of those students. 1.3 Purpose of the Study? English has penetrated all functions and all sections of society. It is a universally accepted tool for communication. It is no longer restricted to the English or Americans as a means for communication. Even within India, with its diversity of languages, English has emerged as the accepted language of communication cross culturally. It has even overtaken Hindi, which is officially the national language, as far communication among people of different native languages is concerned. Although, from time to time, various political lobbies have raised the issue of prohibiting the use of English language, however, they have so far been unsuccessful. This is primarily the result of the accommodating quality of English . Moreover, most of the world communicates in English and if India has to be a part of the Global scenario, English language can be a major bridge. Looking at English language courses in sub metroplises, the fact that glaringly stands out is that little has been done to understand the special learning needs of students here and even lesser attention has been paid to prepare them to function effectively in their workplaces and academic environment. Students hailing from townships and rural areas suffer from geographic as well as cultural disadvantages. Their distance from the metros does not bring the exposure and environment which is naturally a part of the cosmopolitan work culture. Culturally as well, most students belong to families where native language is the means of communication and even in academic institutions the medium of instruction is primarily the local dialect. The prime purpose of this study was to understand the special needs of students who belong to non-metropolitan areas and then attempt to suggest how they can be optimally trained to perform academic and professional functions efficiently. Each of the skills which may be required, reading, writing, listening and speaking may be of different value in terms of their use in a specific field. This study has been able to assess the students only in reading, writing, grammar and vocabulary. Due to a large and scattered sample, the researcher was constrained not to test the listening and speaking skills of the respondents. This study aims at collecting data about the ESP needs of undergraduate students in 2008-2009 Academic Year. By comparing the results of students in each skill and the desired competence level of the items, this study, also aims at examining whether or not there is a need for improvement in those skills. Rodgers (1969 as cited in Hutchinson and Waters,1987) in Nese Ekici,2003 expresses that developments in educational psychology has contributed to the rise of ESP by emphasising the central importance of the learners and their attitudes to learning. Learners have different needs and interests, which has an important influence on their motivation to learn and therefore on the effectiveness of their learning. To get an idea about students English language skills and to see whether there was any discrepancy between their actual language skills and desired skills constituted an important dimension of the study. The foci of this study were both the target needs and learning needs for the English curriculum which is implemented during the undergraduate program. This needs assessment study will be useful in improving the already existing curriculum or designing a new needs-based curriculum and choosing more appropriate curricular elements for the undergraduate students at Amravati University Necessity for syllabus development A planned approach to the teaching-learning process can go a long way it making a course effective and relevant. However, as it is seen as something very complicated , many a times the content of the text books available for the course take the place of the syllabus. There are very strong grounds to support the need for a systematic syllabus development process, the most important of them are: First, right from the onset of the course the teacher understands the ultimate objective of the course as a result of the planned process. This gives an opportunity to the teacher to interrelate and integrate all the elements. This in turn ensures better chances for the syllabus meeting its learning objectives. Secondly, a planned approach enables better selection of teaching materials and aids. The class delivery is better planned and oriented towards the end result. Finally, this syllabus development process leads to improvement of language education. The teacher plans, structures, selects, organises the teaching content in accordance with the learning objectives. Both the learner and the teacher are well aware of the outcome desired and both work in coordination to achieve the common goal. The syllabus theory has not found wide application in ELT practice yet and has often been ignored by applied linguists. However, the application of this theory could be very beneficial for the whole ELT process improvement. This research is an attempt to bring in the application of syllabus development process for SGBAUs language courses.

The Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Era Essay -- Americ

The Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Era In 1933, President Roosevelt proposed New Deal legislation to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression through various public works programs and other federal initiatives. The many reforms of the New Deal were racked by intense criticism from their very beginnings. The New Deal was a catalyst in the surge of the federal government’s power. One year before the financial collapse on Wall Street, President Hoover said, â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the financial triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of our land† (Major 31). This overly confident statement was outrageously wrong. On October 24, 1929, the Wall Street stock market plummeted. As of that date, the beginning of the Great Depression has infamously become known as â€Å"Black Thursday.† The nation and its leaders were at first put off-guard by the unanticipated event of the economy crashing. However, a few leaders during Hoover’s remaining years in office did show signs that the government’s program of laissez-fair economics were out of date in resolving this catastrophe. Among the early proponents of direct welfare-relief was Wisconsin Republican Robert LaFollette Jr.. LaFollette went against the Republican political grain by proposing legislation that would help the plight of the poor by using federal relief money. Nevertheless, his plan could not be passed by the strong anti-welfare Republican majority (Landis par. 3). With the election of President Roosevelt in 1933, Americans of all social status felt a new found hope for an end to the depression. Roosevelt quickly began encouraging Congress to pass national relief bills after he was elected president. Only two months after his in... ..., and ‘Natural’ Disaster Relief: Narrating the American Welfare State.† Law and Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318. WilsonSelect Full Text Database. OCLC FirstSearch. M.M. Bennett Lib., St. Petersburg Junior College. 19 May 2000 http://firstsearch.altip.oclc.org/. Major, John The New Deal. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967. Romanscu, Albert U., et al. The New Deal: The National Level. Ed. John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brady. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1975. Roosevelt, Franklin D. â€Å"Letters to the Nation’s Clergy.† 24 Sept. 1935. FDR Library. Stewart, Richard B. â€Å"Evaluating the New Deal.† Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 22 (1998): 239-46. Academic Search FullTEXT Elite. EBSCOHost. M.M. Bennett Lib>, St. Petersburg Junior College. 19 May 2000 http://gw2.epnet.com/. With the Civilian Conservation Corps.† American Forests July 1933: np.

Landscape with St. John on Patmos

Rizza1 The piece of work that I really admired and found myself starring at much longer than the others that was made between 1450 to 1750 was, Nicolas Poussin’s, Landscape with St. John on Patmos. Knowing from my past art history research and education, Nicolas Poussin is considered to be one of the most influential French artists of his era, with this painting being a great example of why he can take that honor. This painting is an example of a new style of thoroughly set and highly idealized classical landscape.The painting is 39(1//2) by 53(5/8) inches, using oil paints on canvas and was created in the year 1640. When one first looks at the painting as it hangs on the wall, they would see a man, Saint John, that appears to be writing on some type of paper sitting at the foreground of the painting in bright yellow and red clothing. The reason that the audience can tell this man is St. John is because the eagle that sits beside him, which is the symbol of the Saint John evan gelist, and also the halo that hovers over the head of the man in the painting is a good indicator.As Saint John sits on the ground, he has a sheet of paper in his hands as well as some sheets lying next to him on the ground. The reason that you can tell that he is writing something and not just reading it is because although it maybe small, on the ground next to him is a pen and some ink that look as though they have been use. With the way that Poussin painted Saint John sitting and the features on his face it almost feels as if Saint John was in a deep thought or puzzled on what to write.Although many people describe this scene to be a very violent and emotional scene Poussin does a great job making the scene look calm and very peaceful to its audence. As you move throughout the scene you will notice that ruins of buildings surround man, to his left, right and even in the middle ground. To the right and left of Rizza2 Saint John the ruins are not full buildings but just little pie ce that looks as though they have broken off the building.Also another ruin sitting next to Saint John is what looks like to be a pillar or base of a building that use to be where he is sitting in the painting. The colors of these elements are very dull and look almost dead like sitting next to the very colorful Saint John. As your eye travels to the back of the painting, you will see some more ruins that Poussin has put into the scene. In the middle ground of the painting you will see what appears to resemble an old classic roman temple sitting next and large pillar that looks as if it could be an Egyptian novelist.Although that Poussin was a French artist, he did spend the majority of his life in Roman, hence where he got the inspiration for the temple in the background. The reason that many feel that Poussin is one of the most influential artist of this time is not because of what he paints but it’s the technique that he uses within the painting. The style that he uses in this painting, as well as others he has produced, is the style that many artists will try to replicate and will become to be known as the classical landscape.As your eye travels through the painting, notice how every element and structure has a sense of order and purpose. With your eyes trying to go on a journey through the painting Poussin gives you a path to take. What that means is as you move away from the foreground and passed Saint John your eyes almost want to move straight the objects in the middle ground but with the way Poussin painted he created a path to take your eyes there. With each part of the landscape giving you more to explore and look at. Rizza3 This painting, Landscape with St.John on Patmos by Nicolas Poussin is highly idealized as classical landscape. The reason that this landscape is more influential then other landscapes of this time is because of the technique and style Poussin used well developing this piece of work. With using shadows in the foreground an d background, creating a path for your eye to follow, and using the size of the objects, Poussin created a great piece of work and will go down in the history books as the beginning of the classical landscape. Nicholas Rizza February 5, 2013 Art History 111 Andrew Dribin Word count: 796